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Nat Biotech:新方法可消除CRISPR-Cas的脱靶效应,实现完美基因编辑

2013-07-23 koo biodiscover

前段时间,麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究人员发现基因编辑工具CRISPR-Cas系统具有脱靶效应。近日,这个研究小组的负责人张峰教授表示,他们已经找到了影响CRISPR-Cas系统精确度的关键因素,这一发现将使该系统在人类细胞中的应用更安全。目前,这一研究发表在《自然-生物技术》(Nature Biotechnology)杂志上。借助这项研究,科学家可以一次性破坏多个基因,从而提高治愈人类基因缺

麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究人员发现基因编辑工具CRISPR-Cas系统具有脱靶效应。近日,这个研究小组的负责人张峰教授表示,他们已经找到了影响CRISPR-Cas系统精确度的关键因素,这一发现将使该系统在人类细胞中的应用更安全。目前,这一研究发表在《自然-生物技术》(Nature Biotechnology)杂志上。借助这项研究,科学家可以一次性破坏多个基因,从而提高治愈人类基因缺陷疾病的几率。

CRISPR-Cas系统:革命性的基因编辑工具 但是具有脱靶效应

CRISPR-Cas系统是在大多数细菌以及古菌中发现的一种天然免疫系统,可用来对抗病毒以及其他病原体对细菌的入侵。科学家利用CRISPR-Cas系统可以对多种细胞的特定的基因组位点上进行切割,以便插入新的遗传物质。

在需要对目的基因的功能进行破坏,或者要进行目的基因替换时都可以使用CRISPR-Cas系统。科研人员如果要进行目的基因替换,就必须在目的基因被切除后,将新基因的模板复制到基因组中。

传统的建立转基因小鼠的方法是将小片段DNA整合到小鼠胚胎干细胞中,但是其耗时长,并且效率低。这项新技术为建立转基因小鼠提供了一个更快捷更有效的途径。

Broad研究所和麻省理工学院McGovern研究院的张教授介绍说,只需要三个星期,CRISPR-Cas系统可以同时将多个基因一次性编辑完成,其还可以被应用于在实验室中建立转基因细胞系。

自从张峰教授的研究团队在今年一月首次对 CRISPR-Cas系统进行阐述后,来自世界各地超过2000个实验室已经开始使用该系统建立转基因细胞系或者转基因动物。

目前已经发现有三种类型的CRISPR-Cas系统,其中其中第二型的组成较为简单,以Cas9蛋白以及向导RNA(guidance RNA)为核心,即CRISPR-Cas RNA引导核酸酶(CRISPR-Cas RNA-guided nuclease,CRISPR-Cas RGN)。不过,2013年6月来自美国麻省总医院的研究者发现CRISPR-Cas RGN也存在重大的局限性,它会在基因组的非目标位置产生非必要的DNA突变,也就是脱靶效应(off-target effect),这在一定程度上阻碍了研究人员将其广泛治疗应用。

新方法解决CRISPR-Cas系统难点 可减弱甚至消除消除脱靶效应

在最新研究中,为了寻找到最佳的基因组序列,研究小组成员Patrick Hsu and David Scott建立了一个计算机模型。“每一个基因都有成百上千的位点可以进行编辑。利用计算机模型,可以识别几乎任何一个基因。该模型可以帮助研究人员寻求最佳编辑位点。”麻省理工学院脑认知研究方向的助理教授张峰解释道。

研究人员发现有两种方式可以提高序列靶向特异性。第一种就是利用计算机模型。第二种方法就是调整导向RNA序列的量。在一般情况下,减小RNA序列的量可以减弱脱靶效应,但是不利于目的基因的裂解。对于每一个序列来说,高目标效应和低脱靶效应间存在一个最优的平衡点,这是可以计算出来的。

生物化学和分子生物学教授Michael Terns说:“这项研究的意义在于它对脱靶效应进行了系统和全面地分析,并且提出了减弱甚至消除脱靶效应的几种方法。”

最新研究结果表明,增长RNA链可以提高RNA的结合效率。所以张峰教授和他的同事们对RNA片段的结构进行了优化。张峰教授说,经过优化的RNA片段包含稳定的发卡结构,能够更有效的引导Cas9发挥作用。

张峰教授团队下一步的研究计划是,进一步提高CRISPR-Cas系统的特异性,并建立用来研究大脑神经回路的细胞系和动物。通过破坏参与大脑神经回路形成和发育的基因,探究其是如何发挥作用以及在神经系统疾病中是如何受损的。

原始出处:

Patrick D Hsu, David A Scott, Joshua A Weinstein, F Ann Ran, Silvana Konermann, Vineeta Agarwala, Yinqing Li, Eli J Fine, Xuebing Wu, Ophir Shalem, Thomas J Cradick, Luciano A Marraffini, Gang Bao & Feng Zhang. DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. Nature Biotechnology, 21 July 2013; doi:10.1038/nbt.2647

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    2013-09-20 shock_melon
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    2014-02-11 sunylz
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    2014-02-05 liye789132251
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    2014-01-06 cathymary
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    2013-07-25 yuandd
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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1652078, encodeId=45af16520e8cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13d01e24509' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TEC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17245, encryptionId=13d01e24509, topicName=TEC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=852f24292001, createdName=shock_melon, createdTime=Fri Sep 20 11:31:00 CST 2013, time=2013-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1916965, encodeId=9cf019169651d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Feb 11 04:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1903038, encodeId=054e1903038fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e1b0583884b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新方法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58388, encryptionId=e1b0583884b, topicName=新方法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c22f171, createdName=kord1982, createdTime=Wed Aug 14 19:31:00 CST 2013, time=2013-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1879582, encodeId=ea1418e9582ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 23:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1927596, encodeId=e2d5192e59692, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a59234e3b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biotech#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3473, encryptionId=a59234e3b4, topicName=Biotech)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=226a143, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Mon Jan 06 19:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275795, encodeId=577312e57956d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Thu Jul 25 07:31:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455247, encodeId=f88f145524e4a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jul 25 07:31:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624700, encodeId=19ba1624e0060, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Thu Jul 25 07:31:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-07-25 yaanren
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