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NEJM:单价轮状病毒疫苗可增加肠套叠风险

2014-02-05 MedSci MedSci原创

  虽然以往的大型临床实验并未显示轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠发生风险增加之间的关联,但近期国际上有报道称,接种单价疫苗接种可能导致肠套叠发生风险小幅增加。   因此,美国研究人员对其国内婴幼儿接种单价疫苗后发生肠套叠的情况进行了大规模调查。结果显示,婴儿接种单价轮状病毒疫苗后肠套叠的发生率增加。该结果发表于2014年1月14日NEJM杂志上。   该项前瞻性临床研究共观测了超过

  虽然以往的大型临床实验并未显示轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠发生风险增加之间的关联,但近期国际上有报道称,接种单价疫苗接种可能导致肠套叠发生风险小幅增加。

  因此,美国研究人员对其国内婴幼儿接种单价疫苗后发生肠套叠的情况进行了大规模调查。结果显示,婴儿接种单价轮状病毒疫苗后肠套叠的发生率增加。该结果发表于2014年1月14日NEJM杂志上。

  该项前瞻性临床研究共观测了超过200000剂单价疫苗接种情况。调查对象为2008年4月~2013年3月在美国疫苗安全性数据链(Vaccine Safety Datalink,VSD)计划中六大医疗卫生机构登记的婴儿(年龄4周~34周),至少接种过一次单价疫苗。首剂接种年龄为4周~20周,二次接种年龄 在10周~34周。

  研究人员追踪其住院及急诊的病历信息,并随访观察单价疫苗接种后7天内发生肠套叠的情况(不包括接种当日)。使用序列分析方法将单价疫苗接种与历史背景数据相比较,进一步与同期接种五价疫苗的婴儿发生肠套叠的情况进行比较。

VSD统计结果显示,研究期间单价疫苗总接种量为207,955剂(包括115,908剂首次接种量和92,047剂二次接种)。首次或二次接种后7天内 共发生6例肠套叠(4例女婴,年龄分别为16、16、17、19周;2例男婴,年龄分别为9、17周)。而历史背景数据预计发生肠套叠的数量仅0.72 例,实际发生数量显著高于历史记录,相对危险度8.4。

http://www.nejm.org//na101/home/literatum/publisher/mms/journals/content/nejm/0/nejm.ahead-of-print/nejmoa1311738/20140113/images/large/nejmoa1311738_t1.jpeg

单价轮状病毒疫苗接种后7天内发生肠套叠情况与历史背景数据相比

  五价疫苗总接种量为1,301,810剂,肠套叠实际发生数量及预计发生数量分别为8例和7.11例,相对危险度1.1;单价疫苗与五价疫苗相对危险度比值为9.4。

http://www.nejm.org//na101/home/literatum/publisher/mms/journals/content/nejm/0/nejm.ahead-of-print/nejmoa1311738/20140113/images/large/nejmoa1311738_t3.jpeg

研究人员通过序列分析、聚类分析以及并发性分析发现,单价疫苗接种后7天内发生肠套叠风险增加。国际上一些研究结论与该研究一致。莫斯科研究人员发现单价疫苗首剂接种后7天内发生肠套叠风险增加5倍;巴西研究人员观测到单价疫苗二次接种后7天内发生肠套叠风险增加2倍。

http://www.nejm.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/mms/journals/content/nejm/0/nejm.ahead-of-print/nejmoa1311738/20140113/images/large/nejmoa1311738_f1.jpeg

单价和五价轮状病毒接种后发生肠套叠情况聚类分析

  然而,也有一些研究结论与该研究不完全一致。澳大利亚一项研究发现,无论接种单价疫苗还是五价疫苗,发生肠套叠的风险都会显著增加。另一项美国研究则称,五价疫苗首剂后肠套叠发生风险也有可能增加。

  尽管国际上关于轮状病毒疫苗接种与肠套叠发生情况的临床观察结论并不完全一致,但是从本研究提出的“单价疫苗可导致婴儿肠套叠发生风险增加”的结论来看,应对原本“轮状病毒疫苗有益无害”的理论进行重新考量。

  另一方面,鉴于接种后肠套叠的发生风险较低,并且轮状病毒疫苗在减少住院治疗、急诊病例数和因腹泻死亡的病例数方面具有重要作用,因此提示临床上能够权衡考虑,是否可以发生风险相对较小的肠套叠为代价,以取得在预防严重的胃肠疾病、减少住院治疗及轮状病毒感染相关的死亡方面的获益。

  研究背景:

  肠套叠是婴幼儿肠梗阻常见的原因之一,首个经过官方许可的轮状病毒疫苗由于可能导致婴幼儿接种后肠套叠风险增加,曾于1999年撤出过美国市场。

  2006年和2008年,先后有两种新型轮状病毒疫苗经美国官方许可流入市场,即RotaTeq(一种五价轮状病毒疫苗)和Rotarix(一种单价 轮状病毒疫苗)。经总数涉及60,000-70,000名婴幼儿的多个临床实验验证,并未发现这两种疫苗可导致肠套叠的发生风险增加。

  五价疫苗经过官方许可后,疫苗安全性数据链(Vaccine Safety Datalink,VSD)计划一直对其接种后肠套叠的发生风险进行监测,未发现异常。

由于当时的研究主要关注于五价疫苗而较少使用单价疫苗,所以无法评估单价疫苗的肠套叠发生风险。随后,单价疫苗的兴起使得研究人员有机会对美国婴幼儿接种单价疫苗与肠套叠发生风险的相关性进行评估。

原始出处:

Weintraub ES, Baggs J, Duffy J, Vellozzi C, Belongia EA, Irving S, Klein NP, Glanz JM, Jacobsen SJ, Naleway A, Jackson LA, Destefano F.Risk of Intussusception after Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination.N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 14

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    2014-02-07 qblt
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