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关注2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖:身体“时钟”携带的秘密

2017-10-09 王潇雨 健康报网

“熬夜党”请对自己好一点,生物钟一旦紊乱了想恢复,大脑需要1周、肝脏肠胃则需要两周。不仅如此,多动症、抑郁症、代谢性疾病、生殖健康都与生物节律有关。

“熬夜党”请对自己好一点,生物钟一旦紊乱了想恢复,大脑需要1周、肝脏肠胃则需要两周。不仅如此,多动症、抑郁症、代谢性疾病、生殖健康都与生物节律有关。

2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予杰弗里·霍尔、迈克尔·罗斯巴什和迈克尔·杨,以表彰他们发现了生物体昼夜节律的分子机制。

基因突变带来作息异常

“这项成果回答了生物体最基本的问题,实至名归。”中国细胞生物学会生物节律分会会长、苏州大学特聘教授徐璎接到记者电话时难掩激动:“从人类、动物、植物到细菌,几乎所有生物体都有生物钟,它影响着血压、血糖、睡眠、新陈代谢等各种生理过程和行为方式。更重要的是,生物钟控制着10%~43%的基因表达。”

徐璎2003年在美国加州大学旧金山分校神经科学部门从事研究工作。“当时我们在研究一种‘早睡早起’的基因。当地有个家族的人习惯在3时~4时起床,18时~19时睡觉。研究团队发现,这一家族管理睡眠行为的PER2基因发生了突变。如果把这种突变基因转给小鼠,小鼠同样会早睡早起。”

徐璎回国后继续从事相关研究,她带领团队还研究发现,PER1基因突变的小鼠不仅改变了睡眠时间,还会提前进食。“这也可以在一定程度上解释某些进食时间异常的现象,比如夜食症。”徐璎说。

苏州大学生物钟研究中心主任王晗是世界上第一批用斑马鱼模型来研究人类疾病与生物钟关系的科学家之一。斑马鱼基因与人类基因有着87%的同源性,能帮助揭开人类身体的很多奥秘。

“我们采用反转录病毒插入,使斑马鱼的主要生物钟基因per1b突变,这一突变使得它们的运动量比正常鱼多一倍,行为表现与人类多动症类似。”王晗的研究团队由此发现多动症和生物钟有关,并揭示了注意力缺陷多动症发病的新机制。在此基础上,研究团队建立了斑马鱼注意力缺陷多动症动物模型,为大规模筛选注意力缺陷多动症药物提供了重要材料。

节律紊乱类疾病治疗或更精准

此次诺贝尔奖获得者在果蝇中克隆出per基因,而中国科学院北京生科院研究员孙中生则克隆了哺乳动物的Per1基因。长期从事疾病与生物钟调控机制研究的孙中生指出,不仅是基因,光照、饮食等环境因素也会影响生物钟变化。而生物钟紊乱与精神疾病紧密相关,同时会导致肥胖、糖尿病高血压、高血脂等内分泌代谢疾病。

孙中生介绍,光照是生物钟的重要影响因素之一。如北欧地区整个冬季光照仅为3小时~4小时,当地抑郁症比例大幅上升,需要进行灯光治疗。而美国流行病学调查显示,夜班护士月经紊乱、代谢性疾病风险增高。

“工业化发展改变社会环境。长时间灯光照射、熬夜、借咖啡提神……现代人的很多行为与体内固有节律背道而驰。因忙碌偶尔打乱生物钟,不会立刻发病,也最容易被忽略。但长久下去会造成生物钟失调,对人体健康有严重损害,如失眠、免疫力下降、肿瘤易感性增加、诱发阿尔茨海默症等脑部疾病,甚至与不孕不育也有关系。”王晗介绍,2013年其研究团队已找到生物钟基因紊乱与男性生殖障碍相关的直接证据。

“生物钟研究将给患者提供更精准的治疗方案,提示医疗操作进行改变,比如调整检查或用药时间,以获得更佳疗效。”王晗介绍,某些疾病,如心脏病、哮喘等,患者在晚上的相关生理指标更明显,在这一时间段进行监测检查结果更精确。

“生物钟是一个完整、精确的系统。数字化和精确性可使生物钟研究成为其他生命科学提供研究的示范。”徐璎说。

生物钟调整成为新课题

“在生命起源的进化过程中,太阳系中的生物体构成的24小时生命节律,是一种与环境达到最佳平衡的适应机制。偶尔偏离24小时后,规律睡眠和饮食,生物钟也自身具备重设的能力。一般大脑需要1周,肝脏、肠胃需要两周。”孙中生介绍,人体自身的生物节律实际上是23.76小时,在24小的时光照作用下,精妙的生物钟顺应自然保持着24小时的生物节律。

“生物节律是一个系统性的调控,使得我们能够更好适应时空变换,比如帮助我们在国际旅行中调整时差。”徐璎说,随着全球化演进,处于不同时区的人们越来越多会在同一时间做同一件事情,如国际会议、金融交易等,如何能在关键时刻调整生物钟,降低事故发生率是研究方向。孙中生介绍,美国已研发出72小时不睡觉的药物,可在有特殊需要时提高警觉性,增强生物节律。

徐璎还指出,在航天事业中,宇航员脱离了由于地球24小时昼夜自转,如何在地球以外的星际空间调整自己的生物钟,也是未来的研究课题。

国内研究接近世界前沿

据了解,20世纪90年代是生物钟研究发展的黄金时期。从现象到基因机理,从果蝇模型到小鼠再到人类,研究内容、手段都有很大的突破。

“事实上,中国很早就有关于节律的描述性研究,但没有从分子机制层面的探索。”徐璎介绍,目前的研究者大部分都有在国外学习工作的经历。此次诺贝尔奖得主霍尔和罗斯巴什的两篇文章都有中国科学家的贡献。

王晗介绍,现在全国已有几十个大学和科研单位的近100个实验室在从事植物、动物、人类以及睡眠相关的生物钟相关研究。2013年国家自然科学基金委员会就也召开会议来探讨并且布局中国的生物节律的研究。

“目前,国内的生物钟研究水平接近世界前沿,果蝇、植物、斑马鱼、小鼠各类研究模型齐备,发展快,与国际交流频繁。”王晗介绍,近年来,美国、日本、欧洲的学者都曾与我国研究者合作开展研究课题并组织国际会议

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