Baidu
map

Nature Neuroscience:为什么大脑神经元时刻在给DNA做手术

2015-04-30 佚名 生物谷

约翰霍普金斯的科学家们发现,神经元们都是冒险家:它们整天,利用微小的"DNA手术"来切换它们的活性。由于这些活性水平对于学习,记忆和大脑疾病都很重要,研究人员们认为,他们的发现将对一系列重要的问题有所解释。这项研究在线发表于4月27日的Nature Neuroscience杂志上。 "我们过去常常认为,一旦一个细胞完全成熟了,它的DNA就是完全稳定的,包括连接到它上面的分子标记,以控制它

约翰霍普金斯的科学家们发现,神经元们都是冒险家:它们整天,利用微小的"DNA手术"来切换它们的活性。由于这些活性水平对于学习,记忆和大脑疾病都很重要,研究人员们认为,他们的发现将对一系列重要的问题有所解释。这项研究在线发表于4月27日的Nature Neuroscience杂志上。

"我们过去常常认为,一旦一个细胞完全成熟了,它的DNA就是完全稳定的,包括连接到它上面的分子标记,以控制它的基因和维持细胞的身份,"约翰霍普金斯医学院细胞工程系,神经学和神经科学教授Hongjun Song博士说。"这项研究表明,事实上,一些细胞总是在改变它们的DNA的,从而来完成其日常功能。"

这种DNA的改变被称为DNA去甲基化。甲基集团是永久连接在胞嘧啶上的调节性标记,胞嘧啶即DNA4个字母表中的C。去除这些甲基集团是一个多步骤的过程,需要从形成染色体的一长串配对的"字母"上切去被标记的胞嘧啶,理想情况下,再用一段未标记的胞嘧啶所替代。因为这个过程包括切断DNA,这会很容易使DNA突变,所以,大多数的细胞很少使用这个过程,大多只用于修改错误。但是,最近的这项研究表明,哺乳动物的大脑显示出了很高的动态DNA修饰活性,比机体的任何其他部分均高,Song的研究组想知道,为什么所有这些有风险的事情会发生在这么一个脆弱的组织--大脑。

神经元的主要工作是,通过连接神经元的突触,和其他的神经元交流。在每个突触,起始神经元释放化学信号,这些信号被在接受神经元上的受体捕获。神经元可以通过调节它们的基因水平,来改变神经元表面的信号分子和受体的量,从而来切换神经元之间交流的量。当Song的团队在老鼠大脑的神经元上加入各种各样的药物时,它们的突触活性--它们交流的量--有相应的上升和下降。当突触活性上升时,Tet3基因的活性也上升,这个基因是引起去甲基化的。当突触活性下降时,Tet3 的活性也下降。

接下来,他们做了反向实验,在细胞上操纵Tet3的水平。令人意外的是,当Tet3的水平上升时,突触的活性是下降的,当Tet3 的水平下降时,突触活性是升高的。所以,Tet3的水平是依赖于突触活性的,还是反过来的呢?

其他一系列的实验发现,神经元应对降低的Tet3水平时的变化之一是,它们突触中的一个蛋白GluR1升高了。由于GluR1是一个化学信号分子的受体,它在突触的大量存在是神经元切换它们突触活性的一个方法。

科学家们还发现了另一种机制,神经元利用这个机制来维持相对稳定的突触活性水平,从而对周围的信号保持反应性。如果突触的活性升高,Tet3的活性和被标记的胞嘧啶的碱基剪切就会增高。这将引起突触的GluR1水平降低,反过来,GluR1水平降低会使它们总体的力量减弱,从而使突触回到先前的活性水平。相反的情况同样可以发生,即应对起始时降低的突触活性水平,突触活性水平会上升。所以,Tet3的水平对突触活性水平有反应,突触活性水平对Tet3水平也有回应。

Song说,"如果你封闭了神经活性,那么,神经元会升高它们的量来试图回到它们的正常水平,反之亦然。但是,Tet3是必须的。"

Song还补充说,调节突触活性是神经元最基本的特性。"这就是我们大脑如何形成包含信息的回路的。"由于这种突触的灵活性似乎需要通过适度风险的DNA手术来起作用,Song怀疑,一些大脑疾病是否可能是因为神经元丧失了在碱基切除后,正确的修复能力。他认为这项研究使我们向谜底更近了一步。

原始出处:

Neurons constantly rewrite their DNA. MedicalXpress, April 27, 2015.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709596, encodeId=61b81e09596b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a919849e3ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84973, encryptionId=a919849e3ff, topicName=脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b8031759349, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 04:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703711, encodeId=ce041e03711a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8db4394487' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43944, encryptionId=a8db4394487, topicName=大脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d2b30558460, createdName=yangwen5719, createdTime=Thu May 14 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880624, encodeId=92a6188062429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 22:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364024, encodeId=cbf8136402476, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375029, encodeId=70a513e5029f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-31 siiner
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709596, encodeId=61b81e09596b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a919849e3ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84973, encryptionId=a919849e3ff, topicName=脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b8031759349, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 04:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703711, encodeId=ce041e03711a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8db4394487' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43944, encryptionId=a8db4394487, topicName=大脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d2b30558460, createdName=yangwen5719, createdTime=Thu May 14 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880624, encodeId=92a6188062429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 22:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364024, encodeId=cbf8136402476, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375029, encodeId=70a513e5029f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709596, encodeId=61b81e09596b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a919849e3ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84973, encryptionId=a919849e3ff, topicName=脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b8031759349, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 04:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703711, encodeId=ce041e03711a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8db4394487' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43944, encryptionId=a8db4394487, topicName=大脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d2b30558460, createdName=yangwen5719, createdTime=Thu May 14 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880624, encodeId=92a6188062429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 22:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364024, encodeId=cbf8136402476, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375029, encodeId=70a513e5029f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709596, encodeId=61b81e09596b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a919849e3ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84973, encryptionId=a919849e3ff, topicName=脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b8031759349, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 04:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703711, encodeId=ce041e03711a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8db4394487' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43944, encryptionId=a8db4394487, topicName=大脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d2b30558460, createdName=yangwen5719, createdTime=Thu May 14 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880624, encodeId=92a6188062429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 22:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364024, encodeId=cbf8136402476, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375029, encodeId=70a513e5029f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 lsndxfj
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1709596, encodeId=61b81e09596b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a919849e3ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84973, encryptionId=a919849e3ff, topicName=脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b8031759349, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 04:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703711, encodeId=ce041e03711a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8db4394487' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43944, encryptionId=a8db4394487, topicName=大脑神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5d2b30558460, createdName=yangwen5719, createdTime=Thu May 14 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880624, encodeId=92a6188062429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 22:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364024, encodeId=cbf8136402476, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375029, encodeId=70a513e5029f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat May 02 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 jichang

相关资讯

Nat Commun:上海生科院揭示视皮层神经元在调控反应可靠性中的作用

4月14日,中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所姚海珊研究组在Nature Communications在线发表了题为《视皮层小清蛋白阳性中间神经元对反应可靠性的调控》的研究论文。论文报道了小鼠初级视皮层(Primary visual cortex,V1)中小清蛋白(Parvalbumin,PV)阳性的抑制性中间神经元在调控反应可靠性中的重要作用。以往在视皮层、听皮层、体表感觉皮层和海马的研

PLoS Comput Biol:听觉皮层神经也能辨别时间?

没有声音,我们的听觉系统是如何辨别时间的呢?最近,一项发表在plos computational biology的文章对大脑中感知声音的主要枢纽--听觉皮层的神经活动如何辨别时间的声学模式进行了相关研究。 来自伦敦大学的研究人员描述了一种新的模式,他们认为听觉皮层的神经元能够将兴奋性输入信号和抑制性输入信号进行混合,对时间信息进行编码。 研究人员打了一个比方,当你踩下油门,你的

Cell:肠道菌为何能影响我们的健康

尽管众所周知血清素(又称5-羟色胺)是一种大脑神经递质,但据估计人体90%的血清素都是在消化道中生成。实际上,血清素调控了我们的各种生理功能,外周血清素的水平改变与肠激惹综合征、心血管疾病和骨质疏松症等许多疾病相关联。加州理工学院在4月9日《细胞》(Cell)杂志上发表的一项新研究,证实了肠道中的某些细菌对于外周血清素的生成极为重要。论文的资深作者、生物学和生物工程系助理教授Elaine Hsia

Brain:Duang!年轻人也会患老年痴呆!

近日,刊登在国际著名杂志Brain上的一篇研究论文中,来自美国西北大学的研究人员通过研究首次在20岁的年轻人大脑中的神经元中发现了淀粉样蛋白的积累,淀粉样蛋白是一种积累在大脑中的异常蛋白,其也是阿尔兹海默氏症发病的主要标志。 研究者认为,这项研究首次揭示了在年轻人的大脑中也会存在淀粉样蛋白的积累,而科学界长期以来一直认为这种蛋白仅会在老年人或阿尔兹海默氏症患者大脑神经元的外部进行积累;研究者Cha

Nature:探寻脑中的渴觉“开关”

设想你远征沙漠,出发前只有一次喝水机会。想到大漠的干燥,你大概会想喝得再撑也得忍着再多喝些。要是在沙漠中遭遇了口渴难耐却无水可喝的紧急局面,你又会多么希望能“掐灭”自己的口渴感,专心赶往补给点?渴了想喝水是人人有的感受,但控制渴不渴的“开关”在哪里? 近日,来自哥伦比亚大学神经科学系教授查尔斯·朱克(Charles S. Zuker)的团队在小鼠中发现了两套不同的

Neuron:Wnt信号参与神经元细胞突触可塑性

近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Neuron上的研究论文中,来自日本东京工业大学等处的科学家们通过研究发现,当眼睛中的神经元长时间暴露于光下后,其会改变特殊分子的水平,随后研究者又鉴别出了一种特殊的反馈信号机制或许是引发这一改变的原因,因此研究者或可利用先天性的神经元特性来保护眼部神经元免于退化或细胞死亡。神经元间突触的改变会促进机体更加适应环境的改变,然而截止到现在研究者尚不清楚隐藏在“突触可塑性”下的

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map