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髋膝关节置换术后假体周围感染焦点问题

2016-12-13 新疆医科大学第一附属医院骨科中心 曹力 中华关节外科杂志(电子版)2016年8月

术后假体周围感染(PJI)是人工髋膝关节置换术后最严重的并发症,不仅对患者身心造成损害,且治疗费用昂贵,也给患者家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担。近年在PJI 预防、诊断和治疗方面都取得了一些显著的进展。在PJI 的预防方面,要重视易感因素,比如高龄、术前抗生素、金葡菌及真菌感染、术区皮肤的清洁、手术时间的延长、引流与否、吸烟、体重等,术前术中都去认真考虑。国外一些医院已把医患双方鼻腔分泌物培养筛

术后假体周围感染(PJI)是人工髋膝关节置换术后最严重的并发症,不仅对患者身心造成损害,且治疗费用昂贵,也给患者家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担。近年在PJI 预防、诊断和治疗方面都取得了一些显著的进展。在PJI 的预防方面,要重视易感因素,比如高龄、术前抗生素、金葡菌及真菌感染、术区皮肤的清洁、手术时间的延长、引流与否、吸烟、体重等,术前术中都去认真考虑。国外一些医院已把医患双方鼻腔分泌物培养筛查金葡菌作为常规手段。此项临床观察研究能够引起骨科医生对术前泌尿系感染治疗的重视,对提高PJI 的预防措施具有重要意义。但由于目前对于无症状性菌尿的老年女性患者是否需要延迟手术并接受治疗争议较大,因此,针对此因素的长期随访研究就显得尤为重要。


明确的病原菌培养对PJI 的早期诊断具有重要意义。自1984年Gristina 等提出近80%的人体感染都与病原菌的生物膜相关以来,从电子显微镜水平到基因水平,从超声波裂解到联合多重聚合酶链反应(MPCR) 技术,针对病原菌生物膜,尤其是生物材料表面生物膜的研究迅速发展。相比浮游菌,在生物膜内的病原菌更难被培养出来,而良好的培养阳性率是治疗PJI 的保证。


根据细菌的种、株类型,生物膜基质各不相同,目前国际上对不同病原菌形成的生物膜主要进行针对性治疗研究。金黄色葡萄球菌是假体周围感染最常见的革兰阳性球菌,因此也成为研究的热点。谈佳琪等对金黄色葡萄球菌假体关节感染生物膜形成的4 个步骤及调节的分子机制进行了全面的综合论述。其中,对金黄色葡萄球菌群体感应agr 系统及细菌解离相机制的阐述,为今后针对金黄色葡萄球菌关节假体感染生物膜的治疗提供了新的思路。


同时,以分子机制为背景,为完善的病原菌培养策略提供了更多的发展方向。除了在生物膜机制方面的发展,近几年生物标志物成为诊断关节置换术后感染的研究热点。既往辅助感染诊断的主要血清学指标为红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、白细胞介素6等,这些指标特异性不高,常常使骨科医师对患者的疾病状态感到担忧和困惑。2014年,Deirmengian等提出了对关节假体感染的诊断进入生物标志物时期,并报道了关节液中具有很高特异性及敏感性的5个生物标志物。这些标志物在国际上被广泛研究,尤其是α-防御素1 成为研究热点。


洪海峰等采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测22 例人工关节置换术后感染患者关节液中α-防御素1 的表达水平,并与细菌培养、关节液白细胞计数、多核比、红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白等传统的诊断参考指标进行对比,进一步证实α-防御素1具有更高的敏感性和特异性,并且穿刺前抗生素的使用并未对其检测结果产生影响。这是目前国内少有的关于α-防御素辅助诊断关节置换术后感染的报道之一,其进一步证实了α-防御素1 在诊断关节置换术后感染方面的优势,同时也提示α-防御素1在国人关节液内也同样具有潜在的诊断价值。α-防御素1 的检测简便、敏感性高,有望成为筛查PJI 的重要手段。但是作为一项临床诊断性研究,可能需要更大样本量,多中心的联合研究。


PJI被称为关节置换术后的灾难性并发症,主要因为其治疗具有长期性与反复性。由于细菌在假体表面黏附和增殖,同时和宿主细胞竞争与生物材料表面整合,并最终黏附在假体表面形成生物被膜,从而进一步保护细菌免受抗生素或宿主的攻击,导致感染迁延不愈。安森博等回顾性分析了13例人工髋关节置换术后深部感染的患者,所有病例一期放入骨水泥抗生素占位器旷置,但3周至4个月感染仍未得到控制。取出并更换占位器,开放切口并应用封闭式负压引流术(VSD) 持续冲洗深部组织,待感染控制后置入新的假体。平均15.9个月的随访后发现仅有1例患者感染仍未得到控制,其余患者术后切口均愈合,无下肢静脉血栓及坐骨神经麻痹等并发症的发生且功能较术前有明显改善。VSD既往多用于对深部难治性创面感染的治疗,目前国内外运用VSD治疗PJI的报道较少,此研究为PJI的治疗提供了新的思路。


对于PJI的高龄患者来说,身体基础条件有限,无法耐受多次反复清创,在确保疗效的情况下,VSD的运用可能是选择之一。考虑到VSD的使用会增加住院时间及费用,且造成患者行走困难,增加术后血栓形成风险,此治疗措施可能需要更多患者长期随访的结果来进一步论证其在PJI 治疗中的作用。


目前针对关节置换术后感染主要采用手术联合抗生素治疗,移除感染假体、暴露生物膜内病原菌是治疗感染的根本。无论清创、一期翻修还是二期翻修,对感染治疗策略的选择需要根据骨科医师的经验、患者的情况及意愿以及感染科医师、微生物医师的建议。目前有研究提供了治疗关节置换术后感染的策略选择方案,这些方案的最终目的是避免患者接受过度治疗。除了治疗方案的选择,假体设计以及骨水泥技术的改善也对疗效起到至关重要的作用。


自1983 年Insall等首次提出二期翻修治疗膝关节置换术后感染,各种抗生素复合骨水泥随二期翻修的广泛运用而不断发展。由于目前临床上病原菌培养能力有限,既往滥用抗生素造成耐药菌株不断增加,PJI 由之前的单种病原菌感染转变为多种细菌混合感染。这可能也是最近抗生素复合骨水泥控制感染功效受到质疑的原因。因此抗菌谱更广、耐药菌株更少的多种抗生素复合骨水泥技术显的尤为重要。李涛等把万古霉素和美罗培南复合抗生素加入骨水泥,证明两种抗生素都能释放有效抗菌浓度,且万古霉素的释放量要显著高于万古霉素单药复合的骨水泥,力学性能及抗菌活性均不受影响,可以覆盖更广抗菌谱。鉴于该研究为体外研究,而目前抗生素复合骨水泥造成肾脏损伤等并发症多有报道,因此,需要来自临床试验的患者数据以进一步论证万古霉素和美罗培南复合抗生素加入骨水泥的抗感染能力。


此外,骨水泥间隔物的选择对术后患者的感染控制及功能均有明显影响,相比静态间隔物,关节型抗生素骨水泥间隔物具有保留关节间隙、部分负重减少骨量丢失、保持肌张力、预防股四头肌短缩和关节囊挛缩等优势。沈灏等采用全关节型抗生素骨水泥间隔物治疗全膝假体感染28例,术中采用骨水泥制模,植入带抗生素骨水泥关节型间隔物,平均随访8.7年,同时客观的根据患者是否完成假体植入分别评估感染控制率。对于接受假体再植入术的患者,感染控制率为85%,结合再植入假体和保留间隔物的总体感染控制率( 除外截肢) 为78.6%,证实采用关节型全抗生素骨水泥间隔物结合二期翻修治疗全膝关节置换术后假体周围感染可以取得较高的成功率。虽然二期翻修治疗髋膝关节置换术后感染被多数人认为是根治感染的金标准;但最近Gomez等提出,实际上部分患者由于多种原因,在一期植入间隔物后未完成二期的假体植入。


因此医师们需要重新审视二期翻修术后理想的感染控制率。特别是对于全关节型间隔物植入的患者,一方面有些患者由于疼痛明显减轻,日常活动尚可,考虑到医疗费用及身体状况等因素,主动放弃二期假体植入;另一方面,有些植入间隔物的患者失访、死亡或因为身体耐受力有限无法接受二期手术。因此,分阶段重新定义二期翻修的感染控制率可能更加合理。


总之,关节外科医师应更好地理解人工关节置换术后假体周围感染的发病机制,熟知假体感染的风险因素及预防措施,运用可行性的新技术提高感染诊断的阳性率,针对患者的具体情况选择恰当的治疗方案,并最终选择客观的评价体系来评估疗效。

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    2017-01-03 yxch48
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    2017-06-23 我爱科研 7950

    很全面

    0

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    2016-12-13 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    尽量不换呀

    0

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