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AIM:荟萃分析发现新型抗凝药对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)几乎没用

2012-10-02 MedSci MedSci原创

 一项荟萃分析得出如下结论:已接受抗血小板治疗的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者使用新型口服抗凝药时没有净临床益处。 ACS患者是一个非常微妙的群体。当口服抗凝药加双联抗血小板治疗时有少量益处,但这种给药方案会导致出血率高得无法接受。这项荟萃分析的第一作者András Komócsi医师(匈牙利佩奇大学)和同事在2012年9月24日的《内科学文献》上报告了他们的结果[Arch Intern

 一项荟萃分析得出如下结论:已接受抗血小板治疗的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者使用新型口服抗凝药时没有净临床益处。

ACS患者是一个非常微妙的群体。当口服抗凝药加双联抗血小板治疗时有少量益处,但这种给药方案会导致出血率高得无法接受。这项荟萃分析的第一作者András Komócsi医师(匈牙利佩奇大学)和同事在2012年9月24日的《内科学文献》上报告了他们的结果[Arch Intern Med 2012]。
当口服抗凝药加双联抗血小板治疗时有少量益处,但这种给药方案会导致出血率高得无法接受。
在同期的一篇述评中[Arch Intern Med 2012],Adrian V Hernandez医师(俄亥俄州克利夫兰医院)基本同意该综述的结果。益处大部分被害处抵消了,因此,ACS患者常规使用新型口服抗凝药是没有根据的。
新型抗凝药包括Xa因子抑制剂利伐沙班(Xarelto)和阿哌沙班(Eliquis)以及直接凝血酶抑制剂达比加群(Pradaxa)。虽然这些新药作为华法林的替代药物治疗房颤(AF)患者时均显示出很好的效果,并且已获得用于治疗静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的许可,但它们在ACS患者中的应用充满困难,因为在这种情况下(它们加几种其他抗凝药),出血风险非常高。
第一项关于一种上述药物在ACS中应用的3期试验( 关于阿哌沙班的APPRAISE-2试验)因出血而提前终止,但随后的试验ATLAS ACS 2 TIMI 51似乎证明了利伐沙班用于这种适应证是成功的。但美国FDA在其心血管和肾脏药物顾问委员会投票反对建议批准该药用于治疗ACS(基于对该试验缺少数据的担心)后,不赞成通过利伐沙班用于ACS的这种额外适应证。因此,目前这些药物用于治疗ACS适应证的命运仍悬而未决。
新型口服抗凝药与严重出血风险升高3倍相关
Komócsi和同事确定了在超过31000例发生ACS后接受抗血小板治疗的患者中评价Xa因子或直接凝血酶抑制剂效果的7项前瞻性、随机、安慰剂对照研究,这些研究发表于2000年1月至2011年12月期间。5项为剂量探索实验,主要转归是安全性,另外2项是大型3期试验——APPRAISE-2和ATLAS-ACS 2 TIMI 51试验。
研究者指出,根据汇总结果,发生ACS后服用抗血小板药物的患者使用新型口服抗凝药与严重出血的风险“急剧”升高3倍相关(比值比为3.03,p<0.001)。
他们观察到支架血栓形成或复合缺血性事件的风险明显升高(尽管差异仅为中度),对总死亡率没有显著益处。对于净临床益处,用新型口服抗凝药治疗与安慰剂相比并无优势(比值比为0.98,p=0.57)。
在Hernandez 的述评中,他讨论了这篇综述的一些局限性,包括使用死亡作为终点,而不是用心血管死亡作为终点,并且Komócsi等仅提供相对风险降低而非绝对降低这一事实。即便如此,他评论说,这项荟萃分析的结论看起来依然很可靠。
新型抗凝药对ACS患者亚组是否有益?
然而,Hernandez接着想知道的是,新型口服抗凝药是否对特定ACS患者亚组有用,并且声称需要进行试验以评估这些药物在此类亚组人群中的用处。
在不稳定型心绞痛、ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)和非STEMI患者中,(新型口服抗凝药的)效果是否存在差异尚不清楚。此外,目前还没有关于在服用普拉格雷(Effient)或替卡格雷(Brilinta)治疗、接受经皮冠脉介入术(PCI)或有抗凝指征(例如癌症、二尖瓣狭窄、机械瓣或既往有卒中但无AF)的患者中使用(新型口服抗凝药)的数据。
Komócsi认为,目前有可能从新型口服抗凝药获益的最大亚组包括同时有AF的ACS患者,指出他的荟萃分析纳入的关键试验排除AF患者。他估计这组患者约占ACS患者的9%~11%。
其他可能获益的亚组包括有人工瓣膜的亚组、既往有肺栓塞继而发生ACS的亚组,但这些亚组是很小的一部分人群。
资料来源No place for new anticoagulants in ACS, says new review

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    2012-10-04 yaanren
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