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Nature:挑战常规!揭示氯胺酮抗抑郁作用机制

2016-05-07 佚名 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)等多个机构的研究人员发现机体降解氯胺酮(ketamine)产生的一种代谢物可能是它的速效性抗抑郁作用的真正秘密。这种代谢物显著地逆转小鼠的类似抑郁的行为,同时不会触发与氯胺酮相关联的麻醉性、解离性或上瘾的副作用。相关研究结果2016年5月4日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“NMDAR inhibition-independent

在一项新的研究中,来自美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)等多个机构的研究人员发现机体降解氯胺酮(ketamine)产生的一种代谢物可能是它的速效性抗抑郁作用的真正秘密。这种代谢物显著地逆转小鼠的类似抑郁的行为,同时不会触发与氯胺酮相关联的麻醉性、解离性或上瘾的副作用。相关研究结果2016年5月4日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites”。


论文共同作者、NIH国家心理卫生研究所(NIMH)科学家Carlos Zarate博士说,“这一发现基本上改变我们对这种速效性抗抑郁作用机制如何工作的理解,而且有望开发出更加稳健和更加安全的治疗方法。通过团队合作,我们将氯胺酮的工作机制在实验室进行逆向工程,以便准确找出是什么让它如此独特。”

论文通信作者、美国马里兰大学医学院科学家Todd Gould博士解释道,“如今我们知道氯胺酮在小鼠体内的抗抑郁作用机制在于氯胺酮的一种代谢物而不在于它本身,下一步就是证实它在人体内是否也是类似地发挥作用,并确定这是否能够改善对病人的治疗。”

Zarate和其他人的临床试验已证实氯胺酮能够在几小时内或者甚至几分钟内纾解抑郁,远远快于如今最为常见使用的经常需要几周时间才发挥作用的抗抑郁药物。再者,单剂量氯胺酮的抗抑郁效果能够持续一周以上。然而,尽管氯胺酮在医学上允许合法的使用,但是鉴于它也具有解离性、欣快性或成瘾性,人们也可能潜在地滥用它,这限制了它作为一种抗抑郁药物的有用性。

为了找到一种更加有用的治疗方法,研究人员寻求阐明氯胺酮纾解抑郁的精确机制。氯胺酮属于一类阻断细胞谷氨酸受体的药物,其中谷氨酸受体是大脑中主要的激发性化学信使。在此之前,流行的观点是氯胺酮通过阻断NMDA受体(一种谷氨酸受体)来产生它的抗抑郁效果。

然而,针对其他的NMDA受体阻断剂的人临床试验并不能够产生氯胺酮的强效的和持久的抗抑郁效果。因此,研究人员研究了氯胺酮对小鼠的抗抑郁反应性行为的影响。氯胺酮有两种存在镜像关系的异构体:(S)-氯胺酮和(R)-氯胺酮。研究人员发现尽管(S)-氯胺酮能够更加强效地阻断NMDA受体,但是它并不能像(R)-氯胺酮那样有效地降低类似抑郁的行为。

研究人员随后研究了机体降解(S)-氯胺酮和(R)-氯胺酮产生的代谢物的影响。已知氯胺酮在雌性小鼠体内的抗抑郁效果更强。来自美国国家老龄化研究所(NIA)的Irving Wainer博士和Ruin Moaddel博士鉴定出一种关键的代谢物:(2S,6S;2R,6R)-去甲基氯胺酮(hydroxynorketamine, HNK),并且证实它具有药物活性。他们随后发现这种代谢物在雌性小鼠体内的水平比雄性小鼠高三倍,这提示着它可能就是抗抑郁作用存在性别差异的原因所在。为此,研究人员通过化学手段阻断氯胺酮产生这种代谢物。这会阻止这种代谢物产生,从而阻断这种药物的抗抑郁作用。

与氯胺酮一样,这种代谢物也含有两种存在镜像关系的异构体。通过测试这两种异构体,他们发现异构体(2R,6R)-HNK具有类似于氯胺酮的抗抑郁效果,在小鼠体内持续发挥作用至少三天。显著地,不同于氯胺酮,这种异构体并不抑制NMDA受体。相反,它激活(可能是间接地)另一种类型的谷氨酸受体:AMPA受体。阻断AMPA受体会阻止(2R,6R)-HNK在小鼠体内产生的抗抑郁效果。这些实验证实速效性的抗抑郁效果需要激活AMPA受体,而不需要抑制NMDA受体。

氯胺酮在小鼠体内也会产生人体内产生的解离性和欣快性的效应,因而也有潜力出现药物滥用和成瘾的问题,然而并没有观察到(2R,6R)-HNK也具有这些效应。(2R,6R)-HNK并不会导致小鼠在体力活动、感觉加工和协调方面发生变化,而氯胺酮则会导致这些变化发生。在小鼠能够自我给药的实验条件下,它们确实自我服用氯胺酮而不是(2R,6R)-HNK代谢物,这表明(2R,6R)-HNK没有成瘾性。

NIA主任Richard J. Hodes说,“阐明介导氯胺酮抗抑郁活性的机制是药物开发的一个重要步骤。新的疗法对治疗抑郁而言是非常关键的,特别是对老年人和对当前的抗抑郁药物不能作出反应的病人。”

NIMH代理主任Bruce Cuthbert博士补充道,“尽管还需在人体内加以证实,但是这系列研究作为示例说明了小鼠转化实验在测试我们的大脑机制上的威力,有望在未来的治疗上面取得突破。”

原始出处:

Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. et al,NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites,nature.2016


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    2016-12-11 liye789132251
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    2016-05-09 jml2009
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    2016-05-09 那夏花开

    好会想哦,厉害

    0

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    2016-05-08 jjzouyan

    还有这作用

    0

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    2016-05-08 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习啦!

    0

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