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人工股骨头置换术后肝素诱发血小板减少症1例

2019-01-24 封国超 赵茂胜 张亚强 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

肝素是预防和治疗血栓性疾病常用药物之一,而血小板减少症是其容易漏诊、误诊、发病隐匿而且极为罕见的并发症,即肝素诱发血小板减少症(HIT)。HIT的特点是血小板减少,伴或不伴有动静脉血栓形成,其致残率和死亡率很高,在临床医师应有足够的认识和重视。笔者回顾性分析于2018-02-20诊治的1例人工股骨头置换术后HIT患者临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习总结,报道如下。

肝素是预防和治疗血栓性疾病常用药物之一,而血小板减少症是其容易漏诊、误诊、发病隐匿而且极为罕见的并发症,即肝素诱发血小板减少症(HIT)。HIT的特点是血小板减少,伴或不伴有动静脉血栓形成,其致残率和死亡率很高,在临床医师应有足够的认识和重视。笔者回顾性分析于2018-02-20诊治的1例人工股骨头置换术后HIT患者临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习总结,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,女,76岁,主因“右股骨颈骨折”入院并拟行“右侧人工股骨头置换术”。患者半年内未应用肝素类制剂。入院查体:全身皮肤黏膜无出血点,右下肢外旋短缩畸形,右髋纵向叩击痛阳性,右腹股沟中点下方偏外侧压痛明显。入院血常规:D-二聚体13.31mg/L,血小板计数145×109/L,凝血功能正常。彩色多普勒超声检查双下肢动静脉无异常。术前X线片显示右侧股骨颈骨折。住院后常规应用低分子量肝素钠预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。入院第3天血小板计数正常(140×109/L),但有下降趋势,未重视。入院第4天行右侧人工股骨头置换术,术中出血300ml。因患者高龄,术后当日急诊行血常规检查,血小板无法分类(血小板极少),术后约5h患者左肩部、左上肢、胸部、腹部、会阴部可见散在淤血斑,口腔黏膜可见部分小血泡,少量渗血。及时停用低分子量肝素钠注射液(共用4支),急查凝血4项:凝血酶原时间为13.6s,国际标准化比值为1.15,活化部分凝血活酶时间为32.1s,凝血酶时间为17.3s,纤维蛋白原为3.75g/L;外周血涂片可见少量血小板。会诊后给予急诊血小板输注、丙种球蛋白、重组人促血小板生成素、强的松片等对症治疗,行骨髓穿刺,此时尚未找到肝素导致血小板降低的有利证据。术后当日再次复查血小板计数为2×109/L,紧急输注1单位血小板,并给予重组人血小板生成素注射液、卡巴克洛(卡洛磺钠)氯化钠注射液等对症治疗。向患者家属告知病情并详细追问病史:患者既往植物神经功能紊乱病史9年余,近4年规律服药(阿米替林1片,1次/d);术前1d出现四肢发抖,家属自行给患者口服6片阿米替林后症状消失,当时未告知主治医师,复习该药说明书及查阅相关文献,报道其存在少见骨髓抑制并发症,但患者血常规表现并不支持骨髓抑制。

及时复习患者病史:患者术前使用低分子肝素钠5000U皮下注射(1次/d)预防下肢深静脉血栓形成,复习该药说明书及查阅相关文献,报道其可导致少见的血小板减少症。综合分析,不能排除药物源性所引起血小板减少的可能性,拟行骨髓穿刺检查以进一步明确病因。术后第2天输血小板后复查血小板计数为11×109/L,血小板有所升高,提示输血小板等对症治疗有效,但血小板值仍较低,继续输注1单位血小板。骨髓穿刺骨髓涂片提示:①血小板减少;②骨髓有核红细胞内铁减少。结合临床分析,患者术中出血量约300ml,考虑缺血性贫血。术后第3天血小板计数为63×109/L,术后第4天血小板计数为86×109/L。查双下肢静脉超声未发现深静脉血栓形成。经积极治疗,患者血小板明显升高,请血液科会诊后停用人免疫球蛋白、重组人血小板生成素治疗,激素治疗共3周后考虑逐渐减量。术后第5天患者淤血斑范围无明显扩大,淤血斑区色泽变淡,部分有所吸收,复查血小板计数为133×109/L。经输血小板等对症处理后患者血小板计数回升至正常,住院12d时达到临床治愈标准出院,出院前复查血小板计数为307×109/L。出院后继续口服利伐沙班抗凝治疗3周。术后患者定期复查关节功能恢复良好,无下肢肿胀,血小板计数正常,下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声检查无异常。

讨论

HIT的发生率与肝素的使用时间、使用类型、使用方式有关,也与患者的性别、种族有关。高亚玥等报道HIT发生率为3.0%,其他文献报道HIT的发生率为0.1%~5%,但总体来说HIT的发生率是很低的。HIT通常发生在肝素给药后的5~10d,但少数患者表现为速发型或迟发型。HIT患者的临床表现为血小板进行性减少、动静脉栓塞和局部皮肤损伤。诊断HIT较困难,因为临床表现缺乏特征性且大部分医院不能够检测HIT抗体。目前HIT的诊断主要依赖于典型的临床表现及实验室检查,其中14-C血清素释放试验(SRA)是诊断HIT的金标准,但由于该试验耗时长且难以操作,极大地限制了其临床应用。临床上患者出现以下表现时应高度怀疑HIT:肝素类药物使用4~10d后出现无法解释的血小板减少,急性血栓形成事件合并血小板减少,血小板计数降至基础值的50%以下,肝素注射部位的皮肤损伤伴或不伴全身反应。无论患者有无下肢深静脉血栓形成表现,都必需行双下肢动静脉彩色多普勒超声检查。HIT诊断标准包括:肝素使用前血小板计数正常,肝素使用后血小板计数比原基础值下降>50%,典型病例在使用肝素5~14d内发生血小板计数下降30%~50%或总数<150×109/L(我国应为<100×109/L),有过肝素暴露者血小板计数减少可更早出现,病程中伴或不伴血栓形成,排除其他原因引起的血小板下降,停用肝素后血小板计数5~7d内基本恢复正常者,实验室检查HIT抗体阳性。Lo等建议的4T’s评分系统也是诊断HIT的重要指标,许多学者也支持应用4T’s评分系统评估临床可疑HIT的患者,4T’s评分>6分者高度提示发生HIT。

本例住院初期虽未明确诊断HIT,但在人工股骨头置换术后常规复查血常规,及时发现了患者血小板计数减少,并且患者出现全身多处淤血斑,及时停用低分子量肝素钠注射液抗凝治疗。参考HIT诊断标准后确诊,然后给予血小板输注、丙种球蛋白、重组人促血小板生成素、强的松片等对症治疗,停用肝素制剂并替代抗凝治疗(利伐沙班)后患者血小板计数恢复正常,出院查下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声检查无异常。

笔者总结经验并复习相关文献后体会到:①关节置换术后虽然不需要常规监测血小板计数,但需在应用肝素制剂后定期复查血小板计数直至肝素停用;②指南建议,如果考虑可能为HIT时,应立即停用肝素制剂(包括低分子肝素),并开始使用指南推荐的替代抗凝药物,如来匹卢定、比伐卢定、磺达肝葵钠、阿加曲班、达那肝素,利伐沙班也可作为选择之一;③一般不推荐血小板输注治疗,除非出现活动出血,高度怀疑HIT或已经确诊HIT;④文献报道糖皮质激素可以减少出血症状的发生,但对病程长短无影响,因此可以将糖皮质激素应用于严重的血小板减少症,激素可根据具体情况使用;⑤询问病史、及时追问病史很重要,应用肝素制剂后出现血小板降低,一定要警惕药物诱导原因,并及时停用相关药物,防止病情进一步加重。

原始出处:

封国超;赵茂胜;张亚强;等;人工股骨头置换术后肝素诱发血小板减少症1例并文献复习;中国骨与关节损伤杂志 2018-12-15

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    2019-06-12 redcrab
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    2019-11-23 yxch48
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    2019-01-26 huagfeg

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