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职称考试考点回顾-产后大出血病例1例

2017-05-24 MedSci MedSci原创

【主诉】  患者,33岁,G2P1。因产后阴道大量出血8小时由外院转入。 【病史概要】 该产妇因孕41周于 4月2日住当地医院待产,并于入院当天以延期妊娠予以0.5%浓度缩宫素静滴计划分娩。静滴缩宫素2天无效,于4月4日上午再次以1%浓度缩宫素静滴,下午10时临产,4月5号0时30分宫口开全,0时50分顺产分娩一男婴,体重3600g,胎盘自娩完整,会阴II度裂伤,产后


【主诉】 
患者,33岁,G2P1。因产后阴道大量出血8小时由外院转入。 
【病史概要】 
该产妇因孕41周于 4月2日住当地医院待产,并于入院当天以延期妊娠予以0.5%浓度缩宫素静滴计划分娩。静滴缩宫素2天无效,于4月4日上午再次以1%浓度缩宫素静滴,下午10时临产,4月5号0时30分宫口开全,0时50分顺产分娩一男婴,体重3600g,胎盘自娩完整,会阴II度裂伤,产后即时阴道出血400ml。检查发现宫颈3点、9点处和阴道左侧壁裂伤,随即缝合止血,并予米索前列醇400ug 和缩宫素20U促宫缩治疗,出血未止。至4月5日上午4时30分累计出血达1600ml。在静脉输液、输血、促宫缩治疗的同时,再次行阴道、宫颈裂伤创口缝合止血,并做清宫术,未见胎盘胎膜残留,事后曾一度出血减少。但观察1小时后,阴道出血又逐渐增加,至4月5日上午8时又出血700ml,心率120次/分,血压90/60 mmHg,急送本院。既往体健。 
【体格检查】 
体温 37。C,脉搏 120次/分,血压90/60 mmHg,神志清,面色苍白,重度贫血貌。心率120次/分,律齐,会阴裂口已缝合,阴道内积血块约400ml,宫颈3点、9点处裂伤,阴道左侧壁裂伤,深达穹隆,均已缝合,但仍有渗血,宫腔仍有出血自宫颈口流出,宫底脐下一指,轮廓清晰,质硬,左侧宫旁有压痛。 [辅助检查]:血常规:WBC 23.9*109/L,N0.91,L 0.037, PLT 60*109/L,RBC 1.71*1012/L ,HB 46g/L。凝血功能:活化部分凝血活酶时间 48.5秒(正常27.0-41.5秒),纤维蛋白原定量0.77g/L(正常2-4 g/L),凝血酶原时间23.1秒(正常11.2-15.3秒)。B超:子宫左侧见混合回声5 cm *5 cm *7cm。 
诊断诊断依据】 
1. 诊 断: 
产后出血:子宫下段破裂? 宫颈、阴道及会阴裂伤, 重度失血性贫血,失血性休克,DIC。 
2. 诊断依据: 
1)患者,33岁,G2P1孕41+2周,顺产分娩后阴道大量出血8小时。 
2)缩宫素引产分娩一男婴,体重3600g,胎盘完整。产后出血虽予以静脉输液、输血、促宫缩治疗,以及清宫术(未见胎盘胎膜残留),但阴道出血未能控制,已达2300ml。 
3)体检:体温37C,脉搏120次/分,血压90/60mmHg,面色苍白,重度贫血貌。会阴II度裂伤已缝合,阴道内积血块约400ml,宫颈3点、9点处和阴道左侧壁裂伤,深达穹隆,均已缝合,但仍有渗血,宫腔仍有出血自宫颈口流出,宫底脐下一指,轮廓清晰,质硬,宫旁及盆腔未及肿块。 
4) 血常规:WBC 23.9*109/L,N0.91,L 0.037, PLT 60*109/L,RBC 1.71*1012/L ,HB 46g/L。 凝血功能:活化部分凝血活酶时间 48.5秒,纤维蛋白原定量0.77g/L,凝血酶原时间23.1秒。 B超:子宫左侧见混合回声5 cm *5 cm *7cm。 
【鉴别诊断】 
1. 凝血功能障碍所致产后出血:该妇目前阴道出血不凝。反复阴道出血时间较长,出血量多,虽经积极抗休克治疗,未出现长时间休克表现,但难免出现微循环障碍、末梢血管血流淤滞、酸碱平衡失调等病理变化,易促成DIC的发生,再根据血常规及凝血功能等的检查,基本可以确定DIC,但患者既往体健,无血液病史,皮肤粘膜易出血史,因此,原发性凝血功能障碍所致产后出血诊断依据不足。 
2. 宫缩乏力所致产后出血:宫缩乏力为产后出血最常见原因,但该患者目前宫缩良好,子宫轮廓清晰,阴道出血不随子宫收缩或松弛而减少或增多,且已用过多种宫缩剂,如缩宫素、米索前列醇等,故基本可以排除。
3. 胎盘因素所致产后出血:因无多次流产史,胎盘娩出完整,经清宫手术未见明显胎盘组织取出,暂不考虑。 
【治疗】 
1. 治疗原则:针对原因迅速止血、补充血容量、纠正休克及防治感染及全身支持治疗
2. 做好充分的手术准备的情况下,进手术室行软产道探查。 
3. 剖腹探查,该患者为子宫下段破裂,需修补子宫或行子宫次全切除术。 
4. 凝血功能障碍出血的处理:积极止血的同时,补充凝血因子,可输注全血、凝血酶原复合物、冷沉淀物、新鲜冰冻血浆等。

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    2017-05-26 cmsvly
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