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Nat Commun:改变一个基因即可延长30%寿命,人类寿命的极限在哪里?

2019-12-18 佚名 BioWorld

在寿命达到生理极限之后,人类又应该往何处寻找长生大道?近日,Sanford Burnham Prebys医学研究院的研究人员发现:只要过表达一个蛋白P62,就能将寿命延长20%-30%。

长寿是许多人的愿望,寿比南山、长命百岁、龟年鹤寿等祝寿贺词无不体现着人们对长寿的追求。

随着科技的进步、社会的发展和医疗水平的提高,人们的生活质量越来越好,社会平均寿命也逐渐增长,然而,平均寿命在到达某个临界点后,似乎就增长得极为缓慢,预示着人类的寿命存在一个极限。

那么,在寿命达到生理极限之后,人类又应该往何处寻找长生大道?

近日,Sanford Burnham Prebys医学研究院的研究人员发现:只要过表达一个蛋白P62,就能将寿命延长20%-30%。

这项研究以The autophagy receptor p62/SQST-1 promotes proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans by inducing autophagy(自噬受体p62/SQST-1通过诱导自噬促进线虫的蛋白质平衡和寿命延长)为题发表在Nature子刊—— Nature Communications 杂志上。

这一发现可能有助于寻找与年龄相关的疾病的治疗方法,这些疾病通常是由错误折叠的蛋白质堆积引起的,比如阿尔茨海默症等。

该研究的通讯作者Malene Hansen教授说道:“许多研究,包括我们的研究,均表明细胞可以通过增强自噬降解回收旧的、破碎和损坏的蛋白来延长自身寿命,但在这项研究之前,我们只知道自噬是与衰老相关的过程,但p62这种选择性自噬蛋白对寿命的影响尚不清楚。”

过去,科学家们认为细胞回收系统对细胞内所有的废物都是一样的。近年来,研究人员发现,自噬具有很强的选择性,这意味着细胞也会采用类似于垃圾分类的方式去回收废弃物,可以将不同类型的垃圾运送到细胞的“回收中心”。例如,已知p62可选择性地将聚集的蛋白质和破损的线粒体运送到回收中心。

为了更好地了解p62蛋白对细胞回收系统及细胞寿命的作用,研究人员以一种短寿透明的蠕虫——秀丽隐杆线虫作为研究模型。在此之前,Malene Hansen的团队发现,在对线虫进行短暂的热休克刺激之后,p62的水平会升高,证明在轻度热应激之后高表达的p62可能有利于降解热刺激造成的错误蛋白质并促进线虫存活存活。

这些发现促使研究者对秀丽隐杆线虫进行基因改造,使其产生过量的p62蛋白。正常情况下,秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命不超过3周,但过表达p62蛋白之后,其寿命延长到一个月,大约增加了20%-30%。更有趣的是,通过增加“回收卡车”p62的含量,“回收中心”中回收到的“垃圾”也会相应增多,这表明p62是细胞内废弃物回收的驱动性因素。

该研究的主要作者Caroline Kumsta博士认为:“既然已经证实了选择性自噬对长寿的重要性,那么我们可以进行下一步的研究:识别出它会清除哪些有害的细胞‘垃圾’。有了这些知识,我们希望能找到那些可能导致长寿的特定的细胞组分。”

随着社会和经济的发展,中国的老年化问题越来越严重,而年龄相关性疾病的患病比例愈渐增多,对社会和家庭造成巨大的压力和负担。

研究证明,许多与年龄相关的疾病,如阿尔茨海默症和亨廷顿舞蹈症等,都是由有害的、错误折叠的蛋白质堆积引起的。

因此,我们是否可以通过降增强错误蛋白质降解进而治疗年龄相关性疾病,并最终延长患者的寿命?

这项研究通过研究在秀丽隐杆线虫模型中证实了p62蛋白的增多能够增强细胞选择性自噬,并有效延长秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命。

这项成果为研究与细胞选择性自噬相关蛋白,从而找寻到清除那些不利于健康长寿的蛋白质并最终能治疗蛋白质堆积性疾病的方法具有十分重要的意义!

我们也希望有更多的科学家研究相关课题,有望缓解甚至彻底解决阿尔茨海默氏症等年龄相关性疾病,开辟人类长生的新道路!

原始出处 :

Kumsta, C., Chang, J.T., Lee, R. et al. The autophagy receptor p62/SQST-1 promotes proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans by inducing autophagy. Nat Commun 10, 5648 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13540-4.

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    2020-09-25 liuli5079
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    2020-09-19 liye789132251
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    2019-12-24 wxl882001

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