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Nature:靶向K-ras突变的小分子化合物研发成功 攻克30年挑战

2013-11-22 佚名 生物通

三十年来,一直到现在,科学家们都一直在努力尝试阻断细胞中最常驱动癌症形成的一种蛋白质:ras。 利用一种新策略,加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员成功制造出了一些小分子,并证实它们可以不可逆性地靶向ras蛋白的一种突变形式,且不会结合正常的形式。根据研究人员所说,这一特征使得这些分子有别于所有其他的癌症靶向性药物治疗。 当在培养的人类肺癌细胞上进行测试时,这些分子有效地杀死了ras驱动的癌细胞。

三十年来,一直到现在,科学家们都一直在努力尝试阻断细胞中最常驱动癌症形成的一种蛋白质:K-ras。

利用一种新策略,加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员成功制造出了一些小分子,并证实它们可以不可逆性地靶向K-ras蛋白的一种突变形式,且不会结合正常的形式。根据研究人员所说,这一特征使得这些分子有别于所有其他的癌症靶向性药物治疗。

当在培养的人类肺癌细胞上进行测试时,这些分子有效地杀死了K-ras驱动的癌细胞。

大约十分之三的癌症都存在ras异常。它是美国头号癌症杀手肺癌以及第三大癌症死亡原因结肠癌中最常见的激活蛋白。在绝大多数的胰腺癌中也有ras突变,胰腺癌是第四大癌症死亡原因,通常是致命性的。

人们长期将这一蛋白视作是癌症药物治疗的一个明确的靶点,然而自20世纪80年代以来几家公司开发的候选药物均在临床试验中宣告失败。

在加州大学旧金山分校细胞和分子药理学系主任、霍华德休斯医学研究所Kevan Shokat博士领导下,该研究小组设计出了一些小分子,它们可以不可逆转地结合到ras蛋白一种从前未知的、短暂存在的口袋内,当突变ras蛋白改变形状之时这一口袋才会显露出来。他们的研究工作在线发表在11月20日的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。

Shokat说,许多富有经验的药物化学家都已经开始将K-ras视作是无药可及的靶点。在这些失败的策略中,有一些传统方法旨在设计出一些小分子与细胞内自然激活K-ras的分子:GTP竞争。然而由于GTP与K-ras结合太过紧密,所有的药物都很难通过结合和阻断激活进行竞争。

然而,鉴于其重要性以及近年来很少发现新的癌症靶点,药物公司开始再一次给予ras研究机会。

当处于正常形式时,ras在驱动细胞生长中起重要作用。而当发生突变时,ras会以一种失控的方式被激活,在肿瘤细胞中触发一连串事件,其中包括异常激活或抑制其他的基因然后促进癌症形成。现在在临床试验中一些有前景的治疗靶向的就是下游基因编码的一些蛋白。然而,具有异常ras的肿瘤往往对这些单一疗法反应不佳,促使研究人员去评估各种药物组合。

癌症生物化学专家、Onyx制药公司创始人、加州大学旧金山分校Helen Diller家庭综合癌症中心主任Frank McCormick博士说,最新的研究成果进一步证实了研究团体和制药行业对ras重燃兴趣的正确性。

McCormick 说:“ras驱动的癌症最难治疗,由于它们不产生反应,因而被排除在其他的靶向性治疗之外。Shokat博士和他的研究小组针对这一难以攻克的靶点采用了一种极其创新的方法,第一次开发出了一种策略以高度的特异性靶向了ras的一种突变形式。”

Shokat说:“所有癌症中有2%具有这项研究中靶向的这一特异性的突变,其中包括7%的肺癌。我们相信,我们的研究结果可作为致力靶向这一特异突变,以及最终靶向其他突变的药物发现工作的一个起点。”

附加背景信息

突变ras基因是典型的人类“癌基因”,基因DNA中微小的变化改变了它的遗传蓝图,由此导致编码蛋白的形状和功能或蛋白质生成量发生改变。这种变化将一个帮助引导正常生长和发育的蛋白转变为驱动异常生长的蛋白。

在某些情况下,一个突变只是转换了一个DNA碱基,但却能够改变合成蛋白质的功能,导致癌症发生。

Shokat说:“尽管现在大家知道许多的癌基因,ras却是第一个被发现通过单个点突变激活的人类癌基因。人们一直试图对ras的各个部分下药,查看了ras的每一个角落和缝隙,筛查了一百万种化合物,却从未找到能够很好抑制它的化合物。”

Shokat和同事们设计出了一些分子,它们所抑制的ras具有单个点突变,导致一种特定的氨基酸发生改变,从而影响了蛋白质的形态和功能。这些药物样分子依赖于结合异常存在于突变ras新发现口袋附近的一个半胱氨酸。

Shokat正利用本研究中生成的最好的一种ras抑制剂作为模板,进行进一步的药物开发。加州大学旧金山分校已申请了专利保护这一先导化合物,并许可了Shokat创立的一家新公司Araxes Pharma使用这一知识产权。这一新公司与强生(Johnson & Johnson)的子公司Janssen Biotech建立了合作关系。

由于Shokat研究小组生成的分子只阻断一种突变的ras促癌形式,而不影响健康组织细胞中的正常ras。根据这种方法开发的药物应该会高度特异性地靶向癌症而不会影响正常组织。

原文出处:

Jonathan M. Ostrem, Ulf Peters, Martin L. Sos, James A. Wells & Kevan M. Shokat.K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions.Nature Published online 20 November 2013.doi:10.1038/nature12796

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    2014-01-09 liye789132251
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    2014-02-28 whlxd
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    2014-04-29 宋威
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1879759, encodeId=872418e97599c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 16:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668910, encodeId=96a81668910a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=451110394bf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#K-ras#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10394, encryptionId=451110394bf, topicName=K-ras)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4e226475436, createdName=whlxd, createdTime=Fri Feb 28 12:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906281, encodeId=b52a1906281a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7795334e220' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#化合物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33472, encryptionId=7795334e220, topicName=化合物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=267e204, createdName=wangyang7958, createdTime=Sat Feb 01 23:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1914604, encodeId=e3f1191460421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d7469559b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#小分子#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46955, encryptionId=84d7469559b, topicName=小分子)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6105386, createdName=宋威, createdTime=Tue Apr 29 22:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1299765, encodeId=fef51299e6578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 00:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585289, encodeId=27b0158528995, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=792b15145a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RAS突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15145, encryptionId=792b15145a6, topicName=RAS突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f2c17156536, createdName=bioon7, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 00:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1879759, encodeId=872418e97599c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 16:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668910, encodeId=96a81668910a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=451110394bf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#K-ras#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10394, encryptionId=451110394bf, topicName=K-ras)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4e226475436, createdName=whlxd, createdTime=Fri Feb 28 12:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906281, encodeId=b52a1906281a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7795334e220' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#化合物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33472, encryptionId=7795334e220, topicName=化合物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=267e204, createdName=wangyang7958, createdTime=Sat Feb 01 23:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1914604, encodeId=e3f1191460421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d7469559b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#小分子#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46955, encryptionId=84d7469559b, topicName=小分子)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6105386, createdName=宋威, createdTime=Tue Apr 29 22:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1299765, encodeId=fef51299e6578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 00:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585289, encodeId=27b0158528995, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=792b15145a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RAS突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15145, encryptionId=792b15145a6, topicName=RAS突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f2c17156536, createdName=bioon7, createdTime=Sun Nov 24 00:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-11-24 bioon7

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