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STM:干细胞基因治疗结合治疗脊髓性肌萎缩

2013-01-25 何嫱 STM

因为一种遗传缺失导致脊髓运动神经元渐进性破坏,大多数的脊髓性肌萎缩(SMA)的患儿永远都不能够跳绳、捉迷藏或甚至是行走。通过纠正患者干细胞中的这一突变,意大利的科学家们在一种小鼠模型中成功地控制住了疾病的进展。研究结果发表在《科学转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上,表明SMA患者或有一天能够作为供体提供神经元移植物,用之来治疗自身的疾病。 “这是一个

因为一种遗传缺失导致脊髓运动神经元渐进性破坏,大多数的脊髓性肌萎缩(SMA)的患儿永远都不能够跳绳、捉迷藏或甚至是行走。通过纠正患者干细胞中的这一突变,意大利的科学家们在一种小鼠模型中成功地控制住了疾病的进展。研究结果发表在《科学转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上,表明SMA患者或有一天能够作为供体提供神经元移植物,用之来治疗自身的疾病。

“这是一个美妙的研究,解析了利用诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)来治疗遗传疾病的潜力,” Buck老龄化研究所Lisa Ellerby(未参与该研究)说。Ellerby当前正在开展研究,利用这一技术治疗亨廷顿氏病(HD).

过去的2年里,干细胞治疗在散发性神经系统疾病,如肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)和黄斑病变性失明等的早期临床试验中取得了不错的效果。这类治疗还有望用于治疗脊髓损伤。就在本周,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了生物医药公司NeuralStem,开始开展胚胎干细胞I期临床试验。这是美国第二个获批的脊髓损伤干细胞治疗试验。第一项试验由Geron公司率先开展,其于2011年骤然停止。

结合基因纠正,将扩大这一方案的应用范围,用以治疗广泛的遗传性疾病,Ellerby说:“随着该领域证实可对患者的细胞进行遗传纠正,我们朝着利用这项新技术建立疾病模型,或是为人类患者开发出新疗法又迈近了一步。”

SMA是婴儿死亡的主要遗传原因,全球每6000个新生儿中就有一人因该病死亡。当个体的SMN1(survival motor neuron 1)基因发生部分缺失时,便会导致疾病发生。SMN1对于RNA代谢的多个细胞过程起调控作用。当前还没有治愈此病的方法。

在人类的进化之路的某处,SMN1基因复制,导致了SMN2生成,可部分地补偿SMA患者中的SMN1缺乏。每位SMA患者都具有一个SMN2基因。那些具有多重SMN2拷贝的患者病情没有那么严重,可以生存到成年。但SMN1和SMN2并不相同:由于一个单核苷酸差异损害了SMN2的pre-mRNA剪接,其功能性蛋白质生成速率只有SMN1蛋白的十分之一。

米兰大学神经病学家Giacomo Comi认为,如果改变SMN2的单个差异性核苷酸能够模拟脊神经元中的SMN1,或许细胞就能够存活。并非是在内源性SMA神经元中纠正SMN2基因,因为当疾病确诊时内SMA神经元可能已经死亡或是濒死,Comi提出用携带纠正SMN2拷贝的iPSC来完全替代这些神经元。

“理想的SMA治疗方法将是一种组合治疗策略,采用分子治疗来解决遗传缺陷,利用细胞移植可以补充性地应对疾病病症,”文章的第一作者、米兰大学Stefania Corti说。

为了实现这一目标,Comi和同事们将来自SMA患者的皮肤细胞重编程为iPSCs。研究人员随后用序列特异性的寡核苷酸转染iPSCs,修复单碱基突变基因。在这两个步骤中,研究人员没有使用病毒载体,从而避免了移植后肿瘤形成或有害免疫反应风险。最后,研究人员将遗传修饰的iPSC细胞分化成为运动神经元,并将它们移植到显示SMA症状的小鼠中。

SMA幼鼠在出生后一天接受了“纠正”SMA患者iPSC源性神经元脊髓移植,显示出脊髓神经元损失和肌肉萎缩显着减轻。旷场实验和握力测试表明它们的体力活动更多,更强健。此外,神经移植也使得它们的寿命延长了50%。

研究结果表明整合到脊髓中的移植神经元能够减轻运动功能障碍。实际上,荧光组织学揭示,移植神经元与脊髓附近的肌肉组织形成了神经肌肉接头。移植神经元还促进了携带SMA突变的内源性神经元存活,表明这一治疗也为周围的组织提供了神经保护利益。当在培养物中进行培育时,相比于未纠正的神经元,纠正的iPSC源性神经元分泌了更多的生长因子,这或许可以解释这种活力转移。

当然,这一研究还处于非常早期的阶段,还需要数年时间才能将这一成果转化进入临床,但“其意义无疑是重大的,不仅对于SMA疾病,且对于如ALS等相似的神经推行性疾病和其他神经肌肉疾病。这些数据表明了生成患者特异的无病细胞的可行性,”Corti说。

DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004108
PMC:
PMID:

Genetic Correction of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Stefania Corti1, Monica Nizzardo1, Chiara Simone1, Marianna Falcone1, Martina Nardini1,Dario Ronchi1, Chiara Donadoni1, Sabrina Salani1, Giulietta Riboldi1, Francesca Magri1,Giorgia Menozzi2, Clara Bonaglia2, Federica Rizzo1, Nereo Bresolin1,2 and Giacomo P. Comi1,*

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is among the most common genetic neurological diseases that cause infant mortality. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from skin fibroblasts from SMA patients and genetically corrected have been proposed to be useful for autologous cell therapy. We generated iPSCs from SMA patients (SMA-iPSCs) using nonviral, nonintegrating episomal vectors and used a targeted gene correction approach based on single-stranded oligonucleotides to convert the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene into anSMN1-like gene. Corrected iPSC lines contained no exogenous sequences. Motor neurons formed by differentiation of uncorrected SMA-iPSCs reproduced disease-specific features. These features were ameliorated in motor neurons derived from genetically corrected SMA-iPSCs. The different gene splicing profile in SMA-iPSC motor neurons was rescued after genetic correction. The transplantation of corrected motor neurons derived from SMA-iPSCs into an SMA mouse model extended the life span of the animals and improved the disease phenotype. These results suggest that generating genetically corrected SMA-iPSCs and differentiating them into motor neurons may provide a source of motor neurons for therapeutic transplantation for SMA.

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    2013-11-06 gdsun
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    2013-09-02 chendoc252
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