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Science:新研究揭示阿尔茨海默病和进行性核上性麻痹的多个新风险基因

2022-08-25 科研转化 科研转化

该研究表明位于整个基因组的共同基因变异正在影响特定细胞类型中的特定调节网络。这一发现确定了新的潜在药物靶标,并表明靶向一个基因网络而不是靶向一个基因可能是一种有效的方法。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学洛杉矶分校和加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员通过使用允许组合使用在一种实验中大规模筛选基因变异的新测试方法,确定了阿尔茨海默病和一种罕见的相关大脑疾病---进行性核上性麻痹(progressive supranuclear palsy, PSP)---的多个新风险基因。相关研究结果发表在2022年8月19日的Science期刊上,论文标题为“Functional regulatory variants implicate distinct transcriptional networks in dementia”。

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这项新的研究还提出了一种修订后的新模型,显示常见的基因变异虽然单独对疾病的影响很小,但一起可能通过破坏整个基因组的特定转录程序而提高疾病的风险。

通常情况下,科学家们凭借全基因组关联研究(GWAS)调查一大群人的基因组,以确定增加疾病风险的基因变异。这是通过测试与疾病相关的染色体或基因座上的标记来完成的。每个基因座平均有几十个---有时是几百个或几千个---共同的遗传标记,这些标记是共同遗传的,与疾病有关,这就使得人们很难确定哪些是真正导致疾病的功能性变异。

确定因果变异及其影响的基因是现代遗传学和生物医学的一个主要挑战。这项新的研究为解决这一问题提供了一个有效的路线图。

在这项新的研究中,这些作者进行了已知最早用来研究神经退行性疾病的高通量测试方法之一。他们进行了大规模并行报告基因检测(massively parallel reporter assay, MPRA),同时测试了与阿尔茨海默病相关的25个位点和与PSP相关的9个位点的5706个基因变异。PSP是一种比阿尔茨海默病更罕见的神经系统疾病,但有类似的病理特征。

从这种测试中,这些作者以很高的信心确定了320个功能性的基因变异。为了验证这一结果,他们在多种细胞类型中对这些高可信的基因变异中的42个进行了汇集CRISPR筛选(pooled CRISPR screen)。

论文通讯作者、加州大学洛杉矶分校人类遗传学、神经学和精神病学教授Daniel H. Geschwind博士说,“我们结合了多项先进技术,使我们能够进行高通量的生物学实验,我们不是一次做一个实验,而是以一种汇集的形式并行做数千个实验。这使我们能够应对这一挑战,即如何从与一种疾病相关的数千个基因变异中确定哪些基因变异是功能性的以及它们影响哪些基因。”

他们的数据提供了证据表明可能存在几个新的阿尔茨海默病风险基因,包括C4A、PVRL2和APOC1,以及其他新的PSP风险基因(PLEKHM1和KANSL1)。他们还能够验证几个以前确定的风险基因位点。Geschwind说,下一步将是研究这些新发现的风险基因如何在细胞和模型系统中相互作用。

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大规模并行的功能基因组学确定了痴呆症中的基因和机制。图片来自Science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science.abi8654。

Geschwind说,这项新的研究提供了原则性的证明,即高通量测试可以为进一步的研究提供一个“非常有效”的路线图,但他强调,这些方法必须深思熟虑地与更有针对性的实验相搭配,就像在这项新的研究中那样。他说,“这一成功并不意味着我们可以放弃在模型系统中研究单个基因的那种详细、谨慎的实验。这只是全基因组关联研究和理解疾病机制之间的关键一步。”

论文第一作者Yonatan Cooper说,这些作者对多种方法的组合使用使他们对自己的发现更有信心,同时它也突出了解释人类基因变异所面临的内在挑战。Cooper说,“我们相信,多种方法的组合使用对于未来在研究和临床领域注释疾病相关变异的工作至关重要。”

这些作者还能够在PSP中揭示了至少一种机制,即与该疾病相关的多个基因座协同破坏了一组核心的转录因子。Geschwind说,这表明位于整个基因组的共同基因变异正在影响特定细胞类型中的特定调节网络。他说,这一发现确定了新的潜在药物靶标,并表明靶向一个基因网络而不是靶向一个基因可能是一种有效的方法。

Geschwind说,“我们正在进入一个新的治疗阶段---开始有理由考虑靶向整个基因网络。” 

参考资料:

Yonatan A. Cooper et al. Functional regulatory variants implicate distinct transcriptional networks in dementia. Science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science.abi8654.

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    2022-08-27 柳叶一刀
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