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PNAS阻止癌症转移新武器:纳米材料+激光打断癌细胞的“腿”

2017-06-28 佚名 生物探索

近日,乔治亚理工学院Mostafa El-Sayed教授领导的一个研究小组开发出一种阻止癌症转移的新方法,研究人员利用一种名为光热治疗的方法破坏癌细胞的伪足,阻止细胞迁移,简而言之就是打断癌细胞的“腿”。这项研究于6月27日发表于PNAS上。



近日,乔治亚理工学院Mostafa El-Sayed教授领导的一个研究小组开发出一种阻止癌症转移的新方法,研究人员利用一种名为光热治疗的方法破坏癌细胞的伪足,阻止细胞迁移,简而言之就是打断癌细胞的“腿”。这项研究于6月27日发表于PNAS上。

对于癌症患者而言,最糟糕的状况莫过于癌转移,它是造成多数患者死亡的主要原因。近日,乔治亚理工学院Mostafa El-Sayed教授领导的一个研究小组开发出一种阻止癌症转移的新方法,研究人员利用一种名为光热治疗的方法破坏癌细胞的伪足,阻止细胞迁移,简而言之就是打断癌细胞的“腿”。这项研究于6月27日发表于PNAS上。

光热治疗是一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方法。通过将具有近红外光热转换的纳米材料,选择性累积到肿瘤部位,然后仅对肿瘤局部实施近红外光照,肿瘤细胞间和细胞内的纳米材料吸收近红外光,高效地转化为热能,可使肿瘤产生局部超高温度,从而将肿瘤细胞杀死。由于肿瘤周围正常组织纳米材料分布较少,因而保证了治疗中不会对正常组织造成损伤。不过,在这项新研究中,研究人员考察的不是光热治疗对癌细胞的杀伤作用,而是对癌细胞迁移能力的影响。

癌细胞的“腿”

许多人都认为细胞就像一个装了水的球——液体被包裹在细胞膜内,里面漂浮着各种细胞器。但这种描述是不完整的。事实上,细胞还具有细胞骨架这样的支撑网格,它们赋予细胞形态及功能。

比如,细胞骨架能够形成名为丝状伪足(filopodia)的刚毛突起,它从细胞边缘上的板状伪足(lamellipodia)上延伸出来。这些突起就好比细胞的“腿”,能够让细胞在组织内进行迁移。

但是,在恶性肿瘤中,正常的细胞功能被过度驱动。板状伪足和丝状伪足大量地过度产生。


在经过金纳米棒和近红外激光治疗后细胞形态的改变。图片来源:PNAS

黏在整联蛋白上的金纳米棒

光热治疗的核心部分就是具有超强光热转化效率的纳米材料。在贵金属纳米材料中,如金纳米颗粒,由于对光具有很强的表面等离子共振吸收效应,是理想的光热转化材料。

在这项新研究中,金纳米棒被一种名为RGD-peptides的分子包被,这种分子使金纳米棒能够特异性地粘附到一种名为整联蛋白(integrin)的细胞蛋白质上,阻断其功能,使其不能继续引导细胞骨架过度生产板状伪足和丝状伪足。因此,金纳米棒与整联蛋白的结合减缓了恶性细胞的迁移。更重要的是,由于一些特定的整联蛋白只有在癌细胞中才过量产生。因此健康细胞能幸运地逃脱金纳米棒的“制裁”。

激光加热金纳米棒

金纳米棒已经瞄准了癌细胞。接下来,研究人员用近红外(NIR)低能量激光轰击金纳米颗粒。这种光不被细胞吸收,但能被金纳米棒吸收。这些纳米材料吸收光能并将其转化为热能,杀死了与其相连的部分癌细胞,并破坏板状伪足和丝状伪足。

早期的动物实验中曾使用过更热的激光,但效果不太好。由于会引起炎症,因此可能只能加热一次。然而,一次的高温不能杀死所有的癌细胞,总会有些漏网之鱼存活下来,并可能在以后转移。

研究人员表示,新研究中的这种更加温和的激光不会烧伤皮肤或损伤组织,因此可以多次给药,更加彻底地阻止癌细胞迁移。


金纳米棒影响细胞迁移的机制。图片来源:PNAS

临床应用的可能性

研究人员目前想通过局部直接注射治疗头颈部,乳房和皮肤癌,并且他们使用的低能近红外激光可以轰击组织内2-3厘米深的金纳米棒。更深处的肿瘤需要在更深的部位注入纳米棒,因此后续可能需要光纤或者内窥激光。此外,将纳米棒直接注入血液中用于广泛治疗目前尚不可行。

在安全性方面,研究人员曾经进行过动物模型治疗的体内研究。研究显示,在治疗后15个月,金元素没有给小鼠造成明显的毒性。并且在一年后,治疗的小鼠仍然健康存活。


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    2017-10-11 drwjr
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    2017-06-30 yxch36
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    2017-06-30 oliver169
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BMJ:不小心跌倒髋部小转子就骨折了,咋回事?

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PLoS One:发现一种可遏制癌细胞转移的基因

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