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武大出现霍乱!全校师生进行肛拭子检测,古早病菌死灰复燃?又和美国有关了?

2022-07-12 阿拉斯加宝 MedSci原创

7月10日,武汉大学发出一则公告,工学部宿舍疑似出现一例霍乱,并且全栋学生统一进行了肛拭子检测,消息一出,立刻引起了社会的极度关注。截至发稿,此名学生检测结果已出,该病例血清学凝集试验为O139阳性。

7月10日,武汉大学发出一则公告,工学部宿舍疑似出现一例霍乱,并且全栋学生统一进行了肛拭子检测,消息一出,立刻引起了社会的极度关注。截至发稿,此名学生检测结果已出,该病例血清学凝集试验为O139阳性,确诊为霍乱,目前该生密接3人(同住室友2人,同餐人员1人),已全部转至学校隔离点集中隔离!
 
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此次霍乱传染源头在哪里?源头出现在高校很少见!又和美国扯上关系啦?

霍乱发生以来,有不少医生进行了质疑,武汉儿童医院王雅捷医生(化名)质询到,霍乱一般发生在沿海地区,这次为何在中部武汉?
霍乱通常发生在卫生条件很差的农村地区,高校一般不会是霍乱的起源地,且学生最近都封闭在学校,并未接触过外界人士,霍乱弧菌从何而来?
难不成是凭空出现的?
一时间,迷雾团团。
恰巧的是,近期美国驻华大使伯恩斯曾去过武汉大学,这次,伯恩斯一下子成为了千万网友的聚焦点,有很多人说:霍乱是美国投的毒!
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真的是这样吗?或许我们不应该在这件事上以阴谋论看待。
Lancet最新研究认为,O139霍乱弧菌可能本身就存在于自然环境中,非任何亚群变异而来,它永远也不能被彻底清除。其生态位在含盐的沿海水域和河口,经常与浮游动物和贝类有关,一旦遇到合适的时机,它的活性和致病性就会被激发出来,从而感染人体。
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由此,我们可以推测,该名学生是否吃了未煮熟的海鲜,从而感染了霍乱呢?真相究竟如何,目前谁也不能确定,还有待进一步调查。面对霍乱高发的季节,预防霍乱,我们能做的恐怕只有勤洗手、吃熟食、不喝生水以及讲究卫生了。

人们为何如此惧怕霍乱?古早病毒不是早就被消灭了吗?

霍乱(Cholera)在中国是和鼠疫并列的唯二甲类烈性传染病,其致病原为霍乱弧菌,而非病毒。从另一种翻译“虎列拉”来看,也足可见其凶猛,一经发现,要立刻上报。
感染霍乱后,大多数情况下,感染者只造成轻度腹泻或根本没有症状。典型症状会出现惊人腹泻,严重脱水,并附带大量钠离子和电解质流失。剧烈的恶心和呕吐,又让患者饮水极为困难,还会引发四肢痉挛和剧痛,如果治疗不及时,短时间内就会引起严重脱水导致死亡。
为了适应人类肠道和各种海洋等不同的环境,霍乱弧菌O1(和O139)已经完善了一些系统,在进入人体后迅速调控其基因表达以应对环境变化。一般认为,细菌定植以及霍乱肠毒素在小肠中的产生和作用是霍乱感染和引起疾病的重要原因。
 
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此外,霍乱感染者或者带菌者粪便中会存在大量的霍乱弧菌,弧菌会随着水系统大量传播扩散,通过饮用或食用被霍乱弧菌污染而未经消毒处理的水或食物,又将导致大批的人感染霍乱。
所以,每当人们听说某地出现霍乱病例,都不禁虎躯一震。
面对武汉大学霍乱病例,网上有少人疑惑不解,霍乱这种古早病菌不是早就被消灭了吗?怎么又突然出现?它会引起新一轮流行吗?
 
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事实上,中国报道出霍乱病例并不稀奇。我国每年几乎都有散发病例,流行地区主要是沿海一带,如广东、广西、浙江、江苏、上海等。2022年3月份就出现一例,这是因为当前全球正处于霍乱第七次大流行中,全球每年都有300万-500万例感染者,死亡数平均在10万例左右。
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1949年-1961年,霍乱几乎在我国绝迹,但自1961年全球第七次大流行之后,从发现广东阳江第一例至今,已连续散发流行了61年。其中1961年-1999年,我国出现了三次流行高峰。
1993年,新疆柯坪县首次出现O139血清群霍乱的暴发。当年全国累计发病11918例,分布涉及12个省。1994年疫情更趋严重,共报告病例3.5万例,地区分布扩展至24个省,是1961年以来地区分布最广的一年。此后七年,除1995、1998年为万例以外,其余病例数均保持在四位数水平。
进入21世纪,霍乱在我国基本得到了控制, 根据疾控中心的统计,近20 年来,我国最大规模的一次疫情发生在2005年,近千人感染。从2011年开始,全国感染人数都控制在两位数,关联死亡趋零。
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数据来源:疾病预防控制局和中国统计年鉴
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中国2022上半年传染病部分感染人数
至于霍乱在中国会不会引起新一轮的流行,武汉市疾控中心负责人告诉记者,目前来看应该不会,校园内虽然出现了霍乱感染,但发现及时,检测及时,监控及时。另外,武昌区卫生健康局已组织专业机构对相关人员进行采样检测和跟踪管理,对相关场所进行临时封控管理和消毒处置,目前并未发现新增病例。
毕竟,霍乱一旦流行,在当前新冠疫情日趋严重的情况下,两种传染病交叉感染,核酸检测既要捅上面,又要捅下面,指不定会出什么幺蛾子呢!

Cell最新研究:维持自身肠道菌群稳定,可减少霍乱弧菌的定植

目前,口服补液、静脉输液以及抗生素的治疗体系已经能有效医治霍乱,此外,Lancet研究显示,口服霍乱疫苗的保护率也能达到85%。
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然而,除了以上常规认知外,预防霍乱或许与肠道菌群也有某些关联。
肠道菌群(肠道微生物)是指寄居在人体胃肠道的所有微生物群落,机体为肠道微生物提供生存场所和营养能量,作为交换,肠道微生物为机体代谢、合成营养物质,在外来病原菌入侵时,肠道微生物还化作一道屏障,保护机体。
根据最新发表在 Cell 的一项小鼠研究中,美国加州大学河滨分校的研究人员 Hsiao 等指出,霍乱弧菌可在肠道菌群紊乱的肠道中轻松定植,而当肠道菌群平衡时,霍乱弧菌的毒性和定植能力都会降低,经常补充益生菌维持肠道菌群稳定可有效抵抗霍乱弧菌。
该研究还发现,肠道菌群中的卵形布劳特氏菌(Blautia obeum)能够降解胆汁中的牛磺胆酸盐——一种激活霍乱弧菌毒性基因的物质,从而抑制霍乱弧菌毒性基因的表达,减少霍乱弧菌的定植。
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此外,最新证据表明,当霍乱弧菌成功穿过胃部入侵到肠道时,作为最早一批迎敌的前线战士之一,肠道菌群中一些特定的细菌能够定向抵御霍乱弧菌。
2019年韩国延世大学医学院研究人员发表在 Microbiome 的研究发现,普通类杆菌(Bacteroides vulgatus) ——小鼠肠道中属于拟杆菌门的一种优势菌种,可有效抑制霍乱弧菌感染。
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以上研究虽还处在动物模型阶段,但仍为霍乱弧菌感染提供了个体化预防策略的新靶点。
话不多说,赶快去平衡自己的肠道菌群吧,不然得了霍乱可要捅菊花了哦!

参考文献:

[1] Lancet:Cholera ,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

[2] You JS. Commensal-derived metabolites govern Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis in host intestine. Microbiome. 2019.

[3] Salma Alavi AH. Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection. Cell. 2020.

[4] https://m.sohu.com/a/425008082_120832990/?pvid=000115_3w_a

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    2022-07-14 ms8000000573957911

    标题写全校师生,里面写全栋学生

    0

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    2022-07-14 ms9000001879054822

    又是美国的丸八蛋

    0

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    2022-07-14 klivis
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232481, encodeId=f18d1232481b8, content=标题写全校师生,里面写全栋学生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d358113923, createdName=ms8000000573957911, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 18:09:20 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232455, encodeId=0fbf123245598, content=又是美国的丸八蛋, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e035471970, createdName=ms9000001879054822, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 16:09:46 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348461, encodeId=e89e1348461a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=964f98898f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霍乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98898, encryptionId=964f98898f9, topicName=霍乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87531, createdName=klivis, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 00:24:42 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232171, encodeId=4fc812321e128, content=被新冠吓怕了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 07:51:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232012, encodeId=e345123201238, content=太过度了,根本没有必要。全国每年都有散发,近5年才死亡1例!没有必要如此大防控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:45 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232014, encodeId=c869123201421, content=现在见啥都是打草惊蛇了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:59 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-07-13 weigq

    被新冠吓怕了。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232481, encodeId=f18d1232481b8, content=标题写全校师生,里面写全栋学生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d358113923, createdName=ms8000000573957911, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 18:09:20 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232455, encodeId=0fbf123245598, content=又是美国的丸八蛋, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e035471970, createdName=ms9000001879054822, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 16:09:46 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348461, encodeId=e89e1348461a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=964f98898f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霍乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98898, encryptionId=964f98898f9, topicName=霍乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87531, createdName=klivis, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 00:24:42 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232171, encodeId=4fc812321e128, content=被新冠吓怕了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 07:51:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232012, encodeId=e345123201238, content=太过度了,根本没有必要。全国每年都有散发,近5年才死亡1例!没有必要如此大防控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:45 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232014, encodeId=c869123201421, content=现在见啥都是打草惊蛇了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:59 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-07-12 小小医者

    太过度了,根本没有必要。全国每年都有散发,近5年才死亡1例!没有必要如此大防控

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232481, encodeId=f18d1232481b8, content=标题写全校师生,里面写全栋学生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d358113923, createdName=ms8000000573957911, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 18:09:20 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232455, encodeId=0fbf123245598, content=又是美国的丸八蛋, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e035471970, createdName=ms9000001879054822, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 16:09:46 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348461, encodeId=e89e1348461a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=964f98898f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#霍乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98898, encryptionId=964f98898f9, topicName=霍乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87531, createdName=klivis, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 00:24:42 CST 2022, time=2022-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232171, encodeId=4fc812321e128, content=被新冠吓怕了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 07:51:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232012, encodeId=e345123201238, content=太过度了,根本没有必要。全国每年都有散发,近5年才死亡1例!没有必要如此大防控, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:45 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1232014, encodeId=c869123201421, content=现在见啥都是打草惊蛇了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 15:50:59 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-07-12 小小医者

    现在见啥都是打草惊蛇了

    0

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