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BMJ:外科病房高钾血症病例分析

2015-11-09 Seven L 译 MedSci原创

56岁女性,因膝盖以下截肢后残端感染入院。既往史:2型糖尿病并发足溃疡和周围神经病变。规律服用二甲双胍、兰索拉唑、Humulin I和Novorapid SC胰岛素、阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、硫酸吗啡、加巴喷丁、卡马西平。住院期间还皮下注射达肝素钠5000U/d、静注青霉素和氟氯西林。住院前,血清钾浓度 4.6-4.8 mmol/L(参考范围3.6-5.0)。住院期间,持续高钾血症,最高达6.2 m

56岁女性,因膝盖以下截肢后残端感染入院。

既往史:2型糖尿病并发足溃疡和周围神经病变。规律服用二甲双胍、兰索拉唑、Humulin I和Novorapid SC胰岛素、阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、硫酸吗啡、加巴喷丁、卡马西平。住院期间还皮下注射达肝素钠5000U/d、静注青霉素和氟氯西林。

住院前,血清钾浓度 4.6-4.8 mmol/L(参考范围3.6-5.0)。住院期间,持续高钾血症,最高达6.2 mmol/L,使用胰岛素+葡萄糖、沙丁胺醇治疗超过3天。

肝功未见明显异常(肌酐稳定在60-85 μmol/L [参考范围 60-120],肾小球滤过率>60 mL/min/1.73 m2)。轻微酸中毒(HCO3- 18-20 mmol/L [22-30]),血清乳酸 1.9 mmol/L (0.6-2.4)。

配对血和尿检查结果:
血:钾 5.7 mmol/L,渗透压 312 mOsm/L (280-296);
尿:钠 69 mmol/L,钾 18 mmol/L,渗透压  370 mOsm/L。

问题一:根据该病史,造成高钾血症的原因可能是什么?
问题二:通过配对的血、尿检查结果如何解释高钾血症?
问题三:如何治疗?


一、可能原因:


1.钾来源增多:患者截肢后,残端感染,坏死的肌肉释放细胞内的钾到血清,输注到静脉内的青霉素制剂里含钾。

2.钾排泄减少:糖尿病或达肝素钠造成IV型肾小管性酸中毒,导致排泄受损。

二、配对的血、尿检查用于计算肾小管钾浓度梯度(TTKG)。高钾血症的正常生理反应,尿钾排泄增加。该患者TTKG偏低,只有2.66,提示远端肾醛固酮生物活性受损(IV型肾小管性酸中毒)。

三、治疗:

限制钾来源,包括饮食和药物。停用达肝素钠或使用氟氢可的松。

原始出处:

Hyperkalaemia on the surgical ward.BMJ 2015;351:h5531

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847748, encodeId=928a184e748d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43314, encodeId=5065433147a, content=从中可以学到好多临床知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d8a1663920, createdName= fei001, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 13:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514513, encodeId=b870151451370, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=102f102e8375' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高钾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102783, encryptionId=102f102e8375, topicName=高钾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 11:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42966, encodeId=a9da4296684, content=病例分析其实比较有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 07:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-02 gaoxiaoe
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847748, encodeId=928a184e748d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43314, encodeId=5065433147a, content=从中可以学到好多临床知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d8a1663920, createdName= fei001, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 13:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514513, encodeId=b870151451370, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=102f102e8375' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高钾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102783, encryptionId=102f102e8375, topicName=高钾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 11:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42966, encodeId=a9da4296684, content=病例分析其实比较有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 07:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-17 fei001

    从中可以学到好多临床知识

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847748, encodeId=928a184e748d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43314, encodeId=5065433147a, content=从中可以学到好多临床知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d8a1663920, createdName= fei001, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 13:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514513, encodeId=b870151451370, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=102f102e8375' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高钾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102783, encryptionId=102f102e8375, topicName=高钾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 11:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42966, encodeId=a9da4296684, content=病例分析其实比较有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 07:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847748, encodeId=928a184e748d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 04:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43314, encodeId=5065433147a, content=从中可以学到好多临床知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d8a1663920, createdName= fei001, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 13:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514513, encodeId=b870151451370, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=102f102e8375' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高钾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102783, encryptionId=102f102e8375, topicName=高钾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 11:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42966, encodeId=a9da4296684, content=病例分析其实比较有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Nov 11 07:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-11 cyzj007

    病例分析其实比较有意思

    0

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