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临床心得:颅脑创伤看似是急病,其实也是慢病

2018-03-06 吕健 健康报医生频道

颅脑创伤是神经外科最基本的问题之一,也是全球性的公共健康问题。全球每年大约有超过1000万人因创伤性脑损伤(TBI)住院或死亡。重型TBI的救治仍是世界性难题。2014年中国颅脑创伤数据库的资料显示,47家医院11937名急性颅脑创伤住院患者中,重型TBI的病死率为27.13%,“死亡+植物生存+重残”率为53.17%。



颅脑创伤是神经外科最基本的问题之一,也是全球性的公共健康问题。全球每年大约有超过1000万人因创伤性脑损伤(TBI)住院或死亡。重型TBI的救治仍是世界性难题。2014年中国颅脑创伤数据库的资料显示,47家医院11937名急性颅脑创伤住院患者中,重型TBI的病死率为27.13%,“死亡+植物生存+重残”率为53.17%。

院前救治水平参差不齐

急性TBI的救治一般需要经历四个阶段:院前急救、急诊室救治、专科救治(神经外科/NCU)和院后康复。院前急救是TBI救治的第一步,是后续救治的基础,主要包括现场急救、分诊和转运,急救人员应能够迅速对伤情进行初步评估并开始必需的生命支持,完成呼吸支持和气管插管、循环支持和液体复苏、

纠正低血氧和低血压、控制癫痫发作。我国大多数市、县由急救中心或紧急医疗救援中心(如“120”)承担着TBI的院前急救。“120”急救系统的发展使我国TBI的现场急救和转运有了很大的进步,但各地院前急救的反应速度、效率、救治水平、规范化程度参差不齐。

关于重型TBI患者的转运,目前倾向于及早送往专科救治中心。英国在指南中要求所有重型TBI病人无论是否需要手术均应送往专业化的神经医学救治。这一策略得到了许多临床研究结果的支持。对于重型TBI病人,专科救治中心的预后显著优于非专科医院。在中国的大城市,大多数TBI伤员可以被安全迅速地送往有专科救治条件的医院,但在区县乡村,往往只能就近送医,待病情相对稳定时再转至上级医院或专科医院。

专科救治应尽量前移

伤员被送到医院,就进入急诊室救治,完成必需的复苏、检查(包括影像学检查)、诊断和会诊。许多医院开设了“绿色通道”,提高了TBI的救治效率。但是,我国各级医院的急诊室基本上都是综合性的,医生缺乏TBI救治的专业培训,仍需神经外科医生会诊。有研究指出,TBI病死率的主要影响因素是初始损伤的严重程度和神经重症监护质量。因此,可否在大力加强院前急救的前提下,像“胸痛中心”一样,成立专门的“颅脑创伤救治中心”,取代“先到急诊室、经神经外科会诊后再转至神经外科或NCU”的模式,使专科救治前移,直接与“院前急救”衔接,减少会诊、二次转运等中间环节,达到快速、准确地诊断和恰当、有效地治疗,提高救治效率,改善TBI的预后。

规范化仍是我国TBI临床救治需要面对的一个重要问题。以颅内压监测技术的应用为例,发达国家重型TBI患者颅内压监测率达60%以上,而我国低于5%。神经重症监护(NICU)是专科救治的一个重要环节,现今提倡实时多参数监测。主要监测内容包括颅内压、脑组织氧分压、脑血流、脑电图、脑细胞生物学、脑温、诱发电位、影像学等。

院后康复尚需完善

出院后的康复治疗也是我国TBI救治体系的一个薄弱环节。资料显示,我国华东地区TBI患者出院后仅1.27%进行康复治疗。Gupta等对比研究了美国和印度的两个一级创伤中心的数据,结果显示,印度JPNATC和美国HMC的TBI患者的院内病死率分别为24.0%和26.5%,但出院12个月时的总病死率分别为35.5%和27.5%。病死率的变化可能与出院后是否接受康复治疗有关,因为印度JPNATC的TBI患者出院后只有4%接受康复治疗,而美国HMC的TBI患者出院后有53%接受专业的康复治疗。

我国TBI患者出院后接受康复治疗者偏少的原因是多方面的,如经济因素、专业化的康复机构少、对康复治疗不够重视等。我们应传播和树立这样的理念:TBI虽是紧急事件,也是一个慢病过程。

指南研究有待深入

欧美一些国家非常重视对指南本身及其执行情况的评估和研究。有资料显示,英国TBI救治指南的应用可以使TBI死亡率降低12%。美国学者的研究显示,在印度新德里,早期ICU指南执行率每增加1%,TBI院内死亡率可降低3%。美国2006年只有65%的一级和二级创伤中心在院前急救和院内救治中严格执行了颅脑创伤指南。我国尚缺乏此类对指南执行情况的调查和分析。

目前常用指南的证据主要来自高收入国家,并未考虑低/中等收入国家的实际情况,大多数建议也最适合那些资金充足、设备完善的神经外科或神经创伤中心。我国循证医学研究比较薄弱,缺乏高质量的循证医学证据。

因此,在推广指南、促进各级医院TBI临床救治规范化的同时,应倡导循证医学研究,鼓励临床医生团队间合作开展严格设计的多中心随机双盲临床试验,重视病案的积累和交流,为我国TBI指南的完善提供高质量的证据

完善救治网络乃当务之急

TBI的预防和救治不仅是医学问题,也是社会问题,不仅需要神经外科同道们更加重视,也需要政府和社会力量更多的重视和投入。对于我国TBI救治工作而言,努力完善各级救治网络仍是当务之急,包括:一、大力加强院前急救队伍的建设和培训,提高TBI的院前急救效率和质量。二、建立“颅脑创伤救治中心”,使伤员从“院前急救”直接进入“专科救治”,加强指南的落实和监控,推动我国基层医院TBI救治的规范化。三、重视出院后康复治疗。四、建设更多的急救中心或工作站,缩小急救中心的工作半径。(文/西安交通大学第二附属医院神经外科副主任 吕健)

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    2018-03-06 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-03-06 惠映实验室

    学习.谢谢分享.

    0

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