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干货:影响结肠癌淋巴结数量的非手术因素

2016-08-17 月下荷花 肿瘤资讯

高质量手术和病理分析是确保结肠癌淋巴结数量的最重要因素,不过还有很多因素都可能影响淋巴结数量,如老年、肥胖、男性、种族、社会经济地位等,下面一起来看看这些因素对结肠癌淋巴结数量会产生什么样的影响。增加数量的淋巴结(LN)能改善结肠癌患者生存,也是决定术后是否接受辅助化疗的基础。1990年首次提出结肠癌手术至少要切除12LN,越多淋巴结切除,肿瘤越有可能是淋巴结阳性,如果切除LN很少,则会低估肿

高质量手术和病理分析是确保结肠癌淋巴结数量的最重要因素,不过还有很多因素都可能影响淋巴结数量,如老年、肥胖、男性、种族、社会经济地位等,下面一起来看看这些因素对结肠癌淋巴结数量会产生什么样的影响。

增加数量的淋巴结(LN)能改善结肠癌患者生存,也是决定术后是否接受辅助化疗的基础。1990年首次提出结肠癌手术至少要切除12LN,越多淋巴结切除,肿瘤越有可能是淋巴结阳性,如果切除LN很少,则会低估肿瘤分期。许多因素影响LN数量,爱尔兰Wood教授在WJGO上发文,鉴定了多个影响LN数量的可控和不可控因素。

不可控因素

1.种族
很多研究显示种族对LN数量有影响,不过造成影响的深层原因不清楚。Cone的大型研究显示希班牙裔结肠癌患者同高加索裔患者相比,较少可能切除12个以上的淋巴结,同时希班牙裔患者更多的居住在拥挤地区,收入也较低。不过研究结果虽然显示二个种族LN数量不一致,但二者生存并无显著差异。一些小型研究未能得出相同结论。

2. 年龄
有假说认为年轻患者更多机会接受侵袭性较强的手术治疗,也就是说老年患者较少机会接受更为侵袭的手术治疗;另一个假说是随着年龄增加LN经历了缩小的过程。大量研究评估了患者年龄对LN数量的影响,一项英国研究报道,随着年龄增加LN数量明显下降,平均每增长10岁淋巴结数量减少0.9个。除了此项研究外尚有多项大型研究都证实了这一结果。

3. 患者性别
一系列研究显示男性与LN数量减少有关,其中最大的一项研究中纳入的研究人数超过了30万人,不过造成这种关联的潜在原因并不清楚,Dubecz认为男性没有保险的可能性更高,因此较少机会接受最先进的治疗,这是造成LN数量减少的可能原因。

4. 社会经济地位
充分淋巴结切除需达到NCCN标准,即>12个,而较低社会经济地位的患者在专业中心接受最新治疗的机会较少,导致LN数量较少。Dubecz的研究显示随着年代的前进,结肠癌切除术中LN数量不断增加,1998年中位LN数量为9,2009年为16,不过接受了充分淋巴结切除的患者仅占49%,贫穷地区的患者接受不充分LN切除的可能更大,推测是因为没有保险患者较少机会接受高水平的手术治疗有关。

Rajput研究显示了保险状态与LN数量间的关系,结果显示接受医学救助结肠癌患者LN数量低于商业保险患者,作者认为这一结果是年龄造成的,因为医学救助患者年龄更大。总之社会经济地位较低与LN数量减少有关,不过其背后仍有许多因素与之相关。

5. 肿瘤位置
所有证据一致表明结肠肿瘤位置与LN数量强烈相关,与切除标本长度相关,而切除标本长度是影响LN数量的主要原因。Stocchi研究报告肿瘤位于右侧结肠时充分切除12个淋巴结可能性更大,Baxter研究同样证实左侧结肠癌较少可能充分切除淋巴结,Wright的研究显示右侧结肠癌LNs的平均数量12个,而左侧只有9个,推测LN数量差别可能与标本长度相关,Stocchi的研究证实当手术标本不足30厘米时中位LN为17,而超过30厘米时为24。

6. 肿瘤大小
以往就有人提出肿瘤越大,越容易诱发区域性LN的强烈抗原反应,这种反应使得LN更易在病理检查中识别。Chou的研究显示肿瘤每增加1厘米,LNs数量增加2%。另有研究也显示了相似的结果。

7. 结肠癌组织学亚型和肿瘤分化程度
Tekkis的研究显示肿瘤分化程度影响LN数量,分化差的肿瘤LN数量明显增加,而肿瘤亚型对LN数量没有明显影响,其它研究也得出类似结论,一致认为分化越差,LN数量越多。

8. ASA级别
支持ASA(American Society of Anesthesiologists)分级和LN数量关系的证据极为有限,二者可能有所联系是因为ASA分级越高患者年龄越大,急诊手术的可能性较大,这就导致根治性完全性切除可能性下降,2004年一项英国研究支持这种关系的存在。

9. 淋巴结阳性
LN阳性对LN数量影响的研究结果相互矛盾,Tekkis的研究显示LN数量增加与LN阳性存在正性关联,不过也有研究认为多个淋巴结受累常影响进一步寻找更多的淋巴结,反倒使总的淋巴结数量下降。Nash的研究则未发现淋巴结数量与淋巴结阳性间存在关联。

10. 淋巴血管侵犯
淋巴血管侵犯(LVI)是肿瘤侵袭的标志,与较差预后相关。现有数据未显示LVI与LN数量间的关系。不过现有研究证据极为有限,需要更多研究证实。

11. 微卫星不稳定性
很多研究探讨过LN数量与微卫星不稳定性(MSI)间的关系。MSI肿瘤通常认为侵袭性低于微卫星稳定性(MSS)肿瘤,并可能增加宿主免疫炎症反应。较多小型研究证实MSI与较高LN数量间存在关联,较多的LN数量可能部分解释了为什么MSI患者生存时间较长。

12. 体重指数
胃癌和直肠癌的研究显示肥胖能减少LN数量,不过有关结肠癌患者体重与LN数量的研究结果相互矛盾,总体说来体重指数(BMI)与LN数量间的关系并不清楚,有些研究认为较高BMI降低LN数量,但有些研究则认为二者间没有关联。

可控因素

1. 肿瘤标记
多项研究显示术前标记肿瘤,LN数量高于未行术前标记者。

2. 新辅助化疗
直肠癌新辅助化疗导致LN数量减少,关于结肠癌新辅助化疗与LN数量关系的研究仍在进行中,不过根据FOxTROT研究分析,结肠癌新辅助化疗并不降低LN数量,但需要更多的研究证实这一结果。

总之,许多因素可能影响结肠癌LN数量,但造成影响的深层原因并不清楚。高质量手术和病理分析是确保LN数量的最重要因素,不过很多其它因素都可能影响LN数量,老年、肥胖、男性、种族、社会经济地位和LN数量存在关联,这些关联可能反应了医师对不同年龄患者的不同治疗态度或是不同的社会经济地位导致不同的治疗所致。LN数量在右侧结肠癌、大肿瘤或分化较差肿瘤中更多,这些因素可能反应了标本切除长度对LN数量的影响。总之在评估LN数量时这些因素都应予以考虑。


原始出处:
Patrick Wood, Colin Peirce, and Jurgen Mulsow.Non-surgical factors influencing lymph node yield in colon cancer.World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016 May 15.

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    2018-12-01 zhao..doctor..

    腻害了!!!

    0

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    2016-09-01 1771ae4158m

    学习了,好

    0

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    2016-08-28 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

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    2016-08-19 sodoo
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    2016-08-17 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!

    0

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    2016-08-17 136****0753赵

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

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