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Addiction:美国群众如何看待本国阿片类止痛药的滥用现象?

2015-10-21 sunshine 译 MedSci原创

1

在美国,阿片类止痛药的滥用率迅猛上升。本研究旨在探究美国群众阿片类止痛药的使用和滥用情况,并分析这个问题的严重性,导致这个问题发生的因素,谁应该为此负责以及解决这个问题所需要的支持政策等。


采用民意调查研究的方法对全国有代表性的人群进行调查研究(n=1111)。结果发现,28.2%的美国群众自述在过去的12个月里曾使用阿片类止痛药,69.5%的美国群众终身服用阿片类止痛药,17.3%的美国群众在未有处方的情况下私自服用阿片类止痛药。58%的人认为这个问题很严重,与其他的健康问题一样重要。个人因素,包括不了解阿片类止痛药如何容易上瘾(80.0%),不清楚该药应如何保存(65.1%)以及如何处理(64.1%),而认为的最应该为此现象负责的是那些滥用阿片类止痛药的患者(83.8%)以及他们的医生(78.0%)。对于政府出台的16项以遏制阿片类止痛药滥用的政策中,其中14项受到大多数美国群众的支持。

总而言之,目前美国群众认为阿片类止痛药的滥用问题很严重,并支持大部分政府所出台的用以解决此问题的政策,以遏制此问题的流行。

原始出处:

Colleen L. Barry, Alene Kennedy-Hendricks et al. Understanding Americans’ views on opioid pain reliever abuse. Addiction.Jul 25,2015.

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    2016-05-28 jeanqiuqiu
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    2016-03-07 zchen
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654689, encodeId=11271654689e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebe99e884c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97884, encryptionId=ebe99e884c4, topicName=阿片类止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=297424527812, createdName=naiwu85, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 23:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858631, encodeId=4740185863196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat May 28 19:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1779053, encodeId=32fc1e79053a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=726c1965cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Addiction#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1965, encryptionId=726c1965cd, topicName=Addiction)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 20:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701512, encodeId=2b541e01512a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 23:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1289948, encodeId=caa3128994816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=50e36316e7d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63167, encryptionId=50e36316e7d, topicName=止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f32220, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1309006, encodeId=4b65130900626, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0179e879ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97879, encryptionId=a0179e879ac, topicName=阿片类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405498, encodeId=4d471405498d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=597b631634d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63163, encryptionId=597b631634d, topicName=止痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8da42553722, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40261, encodeId=aee940261a8, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 12:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654689, encodeId=11271654689e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebe99e884c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97884, encryptionId=ebe99e884c4, topicName=阿片类止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=297424527812, createdName=naiwu85, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 23:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858631, encodeId=4740185863196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat May 28 19:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1779053, encodeId=32fc1e79053a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=726c1965cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Addiction#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1965, encryptionId=726c1965cd, topicName=Addiction)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 20:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701512, encodeId=2b541e01512a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 23:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1289948, encodeId=caa3128994816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=50e36316e7d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63167, encryptionId=50e36316e7d, topicName=止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f32220, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1309006, encodeId=4b65130900626, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0179e879ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97879, encryptionId=a0179e879ac, topicName=阿片类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405498, encodeId=4d471405498d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=597b631634d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63163, encryptionId=597b631634d, topicName=止痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8da42553722, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40261, encodeId=aee940261a8, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 12:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-23 lhlxtx
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654689, encodeId=11271654689e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebe99e884c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97884, encryptionId=ebe99e884c4, topicName=阿片类止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=297424527812, createdName=naiwu85, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 23:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858631, encodeId=4740185863196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat May 28 19:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1779053, encodeId=32fc1e79053a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=726c1965cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Addiction#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1965, encryptionId=726c1965cd, topicName=Addiction)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 20:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701512, encodeId=2b541e01512a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 23:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1289948, encodeId=caa3128994816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=50e36316e7d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63167, encryptionId=50e36316e7d, topicName=止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f32220, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1309006, encodeId=4b65130900626, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0179e879ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97879, encryptionId=a0179e879ac, topicName=阿片类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405498, encodeId=4d471405498d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=597b631634d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63163, encryptionId=597b631634d, topicName=止痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8da42553722, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40261, encodeId=aee940261a8, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 12:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654689, encodeId=11271654689e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebe99e884c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97884, encryptionId=ebe99e884c4, topicName=阿片类止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=297424527812, createdName=naiwu85, createdTime=Tue Nov 17 23:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858631, encodeId=4740185863196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat May 28 19:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1779053, encodeId=32fc1e79053a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=726c1965cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Addiction#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1965, encryptionId=726c1965cd, topicName=Addiction)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28b7142, createdName=liuquan, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 20:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701512, encodeId=2b541e01512a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 23:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1289948, encodeId=caa3128994816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=50e36316e7d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63167, encryptionId=50e36316e7d, topicName=止痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f32220, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1309006, encodeId=4b65130900626, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0179e879ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97879, encryptionId=a0179e879ac, topicName=阿片类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1405498, encodeId=4d471405498d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=597b631634d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#止痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63163, encryptionId=597b631634d, topicName=止痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8da42553722, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Oct 23 09:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=40261, encodeId=aee940261a8, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 12:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-22 owlhealth

    挺好的

    0

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JAMA Intern Med:防止阿片类药物滥用的新策略

美国佛罗里达州一直致力于减少处方阿片类药物的滥用和处方分配问题,一项发表于JAMA Internal Medicine中的最新研究显示,通过处方药物管理办法(PDMPs)和“药物滥用”法使得阿片类药物处方的开具和使用有了一定的缓解。“PDMPs和药物滥用法为解决处方药物滥用的流行趋势提供了有效地解决方法”,来自霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院的首席科学家兰尼·卢特考如是说。&nbs

Lancet Psychiatry:阿片类药物治疗慢性非癌性疼痛研究

比较了WHO的ICD-10和建议的ICD-11以及美国精神病学协会的DSM-IV和DSM-5对澳大利亚以社区为基础的慢性非癌性疼痛的样本进行分类。 方法 我们研究了疼痛和阿片类药物治疗(POINT)的群组参与者,一项在澳大利亚各地社区药店在2012-2013年招募的1514人的为期2年前瞻性群组研究。对患者进行他们使用阿片类药物的综合性国际诊断访谈后,我们评估了那些阿片类药物使用障碍的患者通过I

PAIN:如何在大量EHR中发现opioid的使用问题?

在美国,阿片类镇痛药的处方量在1999-2011年间增长了两倍。尽管阿片类镇痛药在疼痛的规范治疗中发挥重要作用,但它在临床上的使用受到包括成瘾性和过量致死性在内的严重不良反应的限制。随着阿片类药物处方量的增加,1999-2010年间阿片类药物相关的死亡率增长了三倍以上,并且2004-2011年间与阿片类药物相关的意外事件发生率增长了两倍以上。对长期给予阿片类处方药来治疗慢性痛的病人,理解阿片类药物

JAMA:美国近十年阿片类药物使用情况分析——借鉴意义重大

自从1999年以来,由于处方类阿片镇痛药的非医疗用途的使用导致的死亡率和发病率在美国呈现逐年上升的趋势。在这段时间内,由于这些镇痛药的不当使用导致的急诊室人数上升和药物过量使用导致的死亡不断的上升。 据估计,由于阿片类镇痛药的使用导致的急诊就诊人数从2004年的每十万人中有82.5上升至每十万人中有184.1人。由此可见,处方阿片类镇痛药的滥用已经成为美国医疗卫生的一大问题。 

Lancet Psychiatry:阿片类药物替代疗法(美沙酮vs丁丙诺啡)的死亡风险比较

阿片类药物依赖性增加了过早死亡的风险。使用美沙酮或丁丙诺啡替代阿片类药物治疗可降低死亡风险,尤其是对与药物过量有关的死亡。临床指南推荐美沙酮作为阿片类药物替代治疗的一线药物。该研究的目的是测试丁丙诺啡治疗是否比美沙酮治疗具有较低的死亡风险,通过比较在治疗诱导时,治疗过程药物的转换和治疗后停止用药的全因死亡率进行分析。研究人员在澳大利亚新南威尔士州做了一项所有具有阿片类药物依赖性患者的回顾性队列研究

一周研究进展荟萃:让你知识满满!

通宵工作 癌细胞 β受体阻滞剂 睡眠 阿片类药物 心衰 动脉硬化

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