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功能性电刺激促进瘫痪患者肌肉收缩

2012-12-28 程明 收钱的厚玻璃

  脊髓损伤患者的大脑和脊髓回路的连接中断,无法进行随意运动。美国西北大学芬伯格医学院的C. Ethier等研究证明:利用功能性电刺激(functional electrical stimulation,FES)达到肌肉收缩的临床系统,可让四肢麻痹的患者恢复对手臂运动的控制并极大改善其日常行为的自理能力。   研究者向恒河猴肘部注射局麻药阻断正中神经和尺神经,来模拟颈椎C5、C6段脊髓损伤导致的

  脊髓损伤患者的大脑和脊髓回路的连接中断,无法进行随意运动。美国西北大学芬伯格医学院的C. Ethier等研究证明:利用功能性电刺激(functional electrical stimulation,FES)达到肌肉收缩的临床系统,可让四肢麻痹的患者恢复对手臂运动的控制并极大改善其日常行为的自理能力。

  研究者向恒河猴肘部注射局麻药阻断正中神经和尺神经,来模拟颈椎C5、C6段脊髓损伤导致的瘫痪。他们根据从运动皮质区约100个神经元所收集的神经信号记录来预测一些瘫痪肌肉的活动意向,从而决定对这些肌肉的刺激强度。该程序实质上绕过了脊髓,恢复了猴子对瘫痪肌肉的随意控制。这一研究是一大进步,因为通过大脑控制的FES来恢复人类患者的手臂功能与此类似。研究者预计,比起现有的FES系统,患者使用此神经假体能使手部运用更灵活熟练。

  美国退伍军人事务部的Leigh R. Hochberg等开发出了一种基于神经接口系统的辅助装置,可以直接将神经活动翻译成控制信号,帮助人们恢复自理能力。他将这种装置使用在两名长期四肢瘫痪的患者身上,患者实现了三维移动和抓握动作,且无需训练即可运用自如。装置使用者需预先在脑部小区域运动皮层植入微电极传感器以记录神经元信号,使用时将神经信号以此为依据解码。其中一名受试5年前植入了传感器,可以使用机械手从瓶子里喝咖啡。虽然机械手的移动和抓握还不能像健全的人那样快速精确,但研究人员证实了只需一个很小的神经信号样本,四肢麻痹的患者就可以控制复杂装置。

  参考文献:《Nature》2012;485:368-371 《Nature》2012;485:372-375



    

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