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Nat Med:科学家揭秘“神药”二甲双胍降糖之谜!

2017-05-27 Chen 生物探索

5月22日,发表在Nature Medicine杂志上题为“Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug”的研究中,来自瑞典、西班牙等国的一个国际研究小组发现,二甲

5月22日,发表在Nature Medicine杂志上题为“Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug”的研究中,来自瑞典、西班牙等国的一个国际研究小组发现,二甲双胍可能通过改变肠道细菌的组成来发挥降糖作用。

二甲双胍是治疗2型糖尿病最广泛使用的一线药物。该药通常被认为是通过降低肝脏中葡萄糖的数量来发挥作用。但是,一些观察表明,这并不是它发挥降糖作用的全部机制。举例来说,缓释版本的二甲双胍即使只有少量药物到达肝脏,似乎同样有效。此外,二甲双胍也同样适用于那些因携带基因变异阻止它进入肝脏的患者。

领导这项新研究的Fredrik Backhed和José Manuel Fernàndez-Real想知道,是否肠道细菌可能在二甲双胍的降糖功能中发挥了作用。毕竟,肠道内数以万亿计的细菌与一系列疾病有关,并且已经被证明能够影响药物代谢。

1、促进细菌生长

该研究招募了40名被新诊断为2型糖尿病的志愿者。他们被随机分配,服用二甲双胍或安慰剂4个月。所有人都被要求采用低卡路里饮食。研究期间,服用二甲双胍的志愿者的肠道细菌改变更为显着。尤其是,二甲双胍似乎促进了细菌Akkermansia和Bifidobacterium的生长。实验室研究也表明,在二甲双胍存在时,这两种细菌生长的更快。

随后,研究人员采集了3位志愿者服用二甲双胍前,以及服用二甲双胍后的粪便样本,并将这些粪便样本喂给高脂肪饮食(作用是模拟人类2型糖尿病)的小鼠。结果发现,从接受二甲双胍治疗个体中采集的粪便似乎提高了小鼠的葡萄糖耐受性。但是接受二甲双胍治疗前患者的粪便对任何小鼠都没有影响。

总结来说,这些结果表明,二甲双胍至少在一定程度上通过促进肠道细菌(如Akkermansia)的生长来发挥作用。然而,研究人员现在还不知道细菌是如何做到这一点的。B?ckhed希望,一些糖尿病患者可以通过调整饮食来改变肠道细菌的组成,从而获得类似的降糖益处。

2、二甲双胍与肠道细菌不是第一次“扯上关系”

事实上,小编注意到,这已经不是二甲双胍与肠道细菌第一次“扯上关系”了。在去年题为《Nature后再相遇!“神药”二甲双胍可调节肠道微生物》的文章中,小编曾总结过它们之间的一些关联,其中包括了一项发表在Nature杂志上的论文。

这篇于2015年12月发表的论文(Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota)发现,当糖尿病患者在接受二甲双胍治疗时,他们的肠道细菌组成及功能均发生了改变。

研究分析了784位来自丹麦、瑞典和中国的2型糖尿病患者及健康个体的肠道菌群。结果证实,二甲双胍使得2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群发生了有利的改变。它提升了细菌生成某些类型短链脂肪酸(如丁酸、丙酸)的能力。这些脂肪酸能够通过不同的方式降低血糖水平。

另一方面,对于二甲双胍为何会对胃肠道造成了不良反应(如增加肠胃气胀),这一研究也给出了可能的解释:接受二甲双胍治疗的患者肠道中具有更多的大肠菌群可能是造成这一困扰的原因之一。

另一篇证实二甲双胍与肠道菌群关联的文章于去年11月发表在Diabetes Care杂志上(Metformin Is Associated With Higher Relative Abundance of Mucin-Degrading Akkermansia muciniphila and Several Short-Chain Fatty Acid–Producing Microbiota in the Gut)。

研究结果发现,与非糖尿病患者相比,服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者具有较高相对丰度的Akkermansia muciniphila,以及多种与短链脂肪酸(SCFA)产生相关的肠道微生物,包括Butyrivibrio、Bifidobacterium bifidum、Megasphaera。

该研究结果支持了一种假设,即二甲双胍通过丰富A. muciniphila以及多种SCFA产生细菌,调节肠道微生物的组成。当时,作者们表示,对于二甲双胍是否有通过调节肠道微生发挥降糖作用还需要进一步调查。

现在,我们可以看到,这篇最新的Nature Medicine文章不仅证实了服用二甲双胍对Akkermansia和Bifidobacterium的影响,同时也提出了二甲双胍通过调节肠道细菌发挥降糖作用的可能性。

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    2017-10-04 liye789132251
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    2017-05-30 惠映实验室

    新的发现,学习了。

    0

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    2017-05-27 忠诚向上

    努力学习!有用的

    0

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    2017-05-27 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

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    2017-05-27 Arthur M

    学习了

    0

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