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Nat Aging:重编程因子帮助神经胶质细胞“返老还童”

2021-09-19 haibei MedSci原创

最近研究人员进行了一项探究,以验证衰老的OPCs(aOPCs)是否可以通过部分重新编程而恢复活力,实现这一目标需要哪些因素,以及这是否会导致老化的中枢神经系统中髓鞘再生能力的增强。

在发育过程中,哺乳动物的胚胎干细胞可以单向分化为成年机体的各种细胞系。然而,在成人中保有一个组织特异性的成体干细胞储备库,其保持未分化的状态,准备分化为组织特异性细胞类型,以维持平衡或修复受损组织。

在中枢神经系统(CNS)中,最广泛和最丰富的成人干细胞群是OPC。在成年后,OPCs自我更新,主要产生新的髓鞘少突胶质细胞,但也能产生星形胶质细胞和施旺细胞。进入成年期后,OPCs仍在积极循环和分化。然而,随着年龄的增长,OPCs自我更新和分化为髓鞘少突胶质细胞的能力大大减弱。在再髓鞘化的自发再生过程中,成年OPCs再生新的少突胶质细胞的效率越来越低,这种功能的丧失与慢性脱髓鞘疾病多发性硬化症患者高度相关

成年体细胞可以通过多能性因子Oct4、Sox2、KLF4和c-Myc(OSKM因子)复位到胚胎状态,消除所有的细胞老化特征。最近,有研究表明,OSKM因子的瞬时表达可以将老化的细胞部分地重编程为更年轻、更有活力的状态,从而延长寿命并恢复组织再生能力。然而,每个多能性因子在观察到的部分重编程效果中所发挥的作用,或者实际上是否所有的重编程因子都是年轻化所需要的,目前仍然是未知的。

最近研究人员进行了一项探究,以验证衰老的OPCs(aOPCs)是否可以通过部分重新编程而恢复活力,实现这一目标需要哪些因素,以及这是否会导致老化的中枢神经系统中髓鞘再生能力的增强。

c-MYC过表达能重新激活衰老的神经胶质细胞祖细胞

研究人员发现,这些重编程因子中有一个因子本身,即c-Myc,就足以决定OPC的年龄状态:c-Myc在老年OPCs中的表达驱动它们的功能恢复,而它在新生OPCs中的抑制会诱发类似衰老的表型,这是由体外试验和转录组分析确定的。

在体内增加c-Myc在老年OPCs中的表达,可以恢复它们的增殖和分化能力,从而增强老年中枢神经系统环境中的再生能力

因此,该研究结果直接将Myc与细胞活动和细胞年龄状态联系起来,对理解衰老背景下的再生具有意义,并为干细胞衰老的生物学提供了重要的见解。

 

原始出处:

Björn Neumann et al. Myc determines the functional age state of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Nature Aging (2021). 

 

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这项研究揭示了一个令人振奋的发现:通过将年轻小鼠与年老小鼠进行联体共生,可以在细胞层面有效减缓衰老,并显著延长老年小鼠的寿命。

《柳叶刀》子刊:肥胖加速衰老,与52种疾病风险升高有关!

对9种衰老特征的分析结果显示,与健康体重人群相比,肥胖人群患一种或多种衰老相关疾病的可能性更高。大约一半的肥胖相关过度死亡可归因于衰老标志物相关疾病。

广州健康院王涛、王杰团队合作《自然·通讯》:揭示tRNA甲基化调控衰老的新机制

该研究揭示了METTL1/WDR4介导的tRNA-m7G修饰对于维持衰老过程中蛋白质组稳态的重要作用,研究结果首次阐明了tRNA修饰对于衰老的调控作用。

Nat Commun:基于长读长测序高分辨率解析完整端粒序列,揭示端粒与衰老、癌症等的新关联

研究团队利用ONT公司的原生长读长测序技术开发了一种突破性新技术Telo-seq,可解决端粒序列分析难题,以前所未有的分辨率研究发育、衰老和癌症过程中的端粒生物学。

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