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老年糖尿病管理建议(2019年ADA指南节选)

2019-01-14 林博 林博讲糖

老年患者是糖尿病的主流人群。但是对于老年糖尿病诊治措施的高质量的临床研究相对较少,从2019年ADA指南可以清楚看到这一点。

老年患者是糖尿病的主流人群。但是对于老年糖尿病诊治措施的高质量的临床研究相对较少,从2019年ADA指南可以清楚看到这一点。

指南提出的对于老年糖尿病管理建议多数基于C级或E级水平的证据,B级证据较少,A级证据没有。本文就其中一些热点问题与重要更新内容简要解读,与诸位同道及糖尿病患者分享。

一、老年糖尿病治疗最关注哪一点?

预防低血糖。永远要把避免老年糖尿病出现低血糖放在第一位来关注。因为相比年轻人,老年人更容易发生低血糖。而且低血糖对老年人的危害程度也远超年轻人。老年患者一次严重的低血糖,可以抵消一年甚至是一辈子降糖带来的益处。

因此,指南把低血糖的预防摆在老年糖尿病管理的首要位置。

二、老年糖尿病血糖控制多少比较合适?

不同老年人身体健康状况差异很大,因此血糖控制水平需要“个体化”。

指南给出老年人血糖、血压、血脂控制目标的详细建议:

1.健康老年人

定义:除糖尿病外,没有其他严重疾病,认知功能正常,体能状态良好。

血糖控制目标:餐前血糖5.0-7.2mmol/L,睡前血糖5.0-8.3mmol/L,HbA1c<7.5%。血压控制目标:<140/90mmHg。血脂控制目标:常规使用他汀。

2.中间状态老年人

定义:合并有多种慢性疾病,日常生活活动受到一定限制,或者有轻到中度的认知功能受损。

血糖控制目标:餐前血糖5.0-8.3mmol/L,睡前血糖5.6-10.0mmol/L,HbA1c<8.0%。血压控制目标:<140/90mmHg。血脂控制目标:常规使用他汀。

3.极差健康状况老年人

定义:出现终末期肾病,或者长期需要他人照护,或者中度度认知功能障碍,或者日常生活活动严重受限。

血糖控制目标:餐前血糖5.6-10.0mmol/L,睡前血糖6.1-11.1mmol/L,HbA1c<8.5%。血压控制目标:<150/90mmHg。血脂控制目标:判断利弊,决定是否使用他汀。

三、老年糖尿病是否以“静养”为宜?

不对。老年人肌肉减少,容易跌倒,而跌倒引起的各种合并症对许多老年人是致命打击。指南推荐老年糖尿病应:适当营养摄入,补充足量优质蛋白。

在保证安全前提下,所有老年糖友都应该进行日常的有氧运动和抗阻训练。

四、老年糖尿病的降糖药使用有哪些注意事项?

安全:首选不引起低血糖的降糖药。适当:避免过度治疗或强化降糖。简化:选择依从性高的简便治疗方案。

具体到各种降糖药的使用,推荐如下。

1.老年糖尿病一线降糖药

仍然是二甲双胍。肾小球滤过率≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2即可安全使用。

2.老年糖尿病二线降糖药

吡格列酮:可安全使用。但对合并有心功能不全与跌倒或骨折风险增加的老年人,需谨慎使用。

DPP4抑制剂:可以安全使用。GLP-1受体激动剂:有血管获益,但可能给老年人带来注射上的不便。

SGLT2抑制剂:可以使用。在成年人糖尿病中已经证实有额外的血管与肾脏保护益处,在老年人中长期应用的安全性证据还在积累。

3.老年糖尿病三线降糖药

胰岛素促泌剂:慎用。如果必须使用,首选短效促泌剂。

4.老年糖尿病胰岛素的应用

注射胰岛素,要求糖尿病患者有较高的自我管理能力。为减少低血糖风险,建议对多数老年糖尿病患者,应首选基础胰岛素,并积极简化胰岛素方案。

(1)基础胰岛素

制定合适的空腹血糖目标。注射时间从睡前调整为上午。每周调整1次胰岛素剂量,每次调整2单位。

(2)餐时胰岛素

如果餐时胰岛素剂量<10单位,尝试停用,改为口服降糖药。如果餐时胰岛素剂量>10单位,尝试减少50%剂量,并加用口服药。

(3)预混胰岛素

放宽血糖控制目标。如果每天2次注射,适当增加早餐前胰岛素量,减少晚餐前胰岛素量。晚餐前的预混胰岛素剂量,如果要增加,应更谨慎,加强睡前与凌晨的血糖监测。

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    2019-01-16 般若傻瓜
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    2019-01-14 1405898496_61595865

    是该好好研究

    0

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    2019-01-14 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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