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JNER:地面机器人训练对脊髓损伤患者行走和次级健康状况的影响,系统综述

2022-03-19 网络 网络

目前全世界脊髓损伤(SCI)的发病率为每年每百万人新增40至80例。这意味着每年有25万到50万人受到脊髓损伤。SCI是一种根据损伤程度和严重程度对感觉运动和自主功能产生影响的事件。SCI患者康复干预

目前全世界脊髓损伤(SCI)的发病率为每年每百万人新增40至80例。这意味着每年有25万到50万人受到脊髓损伤。SCI是一种根据损伤程度和严重程度对感觉运动和自主功能产生影响的事件。SCI患者康复干预的主要目标是恢复独立性,从而提高生活质量。从患者的角度来看,SCI的水平可能会影响恢复有价值的生活质量。事实上,考虑到颈椎、胸椎或腰椎病变患者的共同优先事项,影响截瘫患者生活质量的最重要因素是性功能、肠道和膀胱功能,对于颈椎病变患者,手臂/手功能恢复,其次是性功能、肠道和膀胱功能。对于SCI患者来说,无论伤情的严重程度、受伤后的时间和受伤时的年龄如何,恢复行走能力也是重中之重。总体而言,SCI患者的生活质量低于一般人群,这也是因为存在二级健康状况(SHC)。这些是指身体或心理状况直接或间接受到残疾或潜在身体损伤的影响。因此,SCI引起的SHC,如疼痛、痉挛、活动范围(ROM)、肠道、膀胱和性功能障碍,需要在康复过程中进行治疗。

在过去的几年里,地上动力下肢外骨骼(EXOs)已经成为康复或替代干预的实用设备,其中大多数是专门为SCI患者开发的。在康复框架中,EXOs可用于进行多个步骤,因此是恢复行走功能的特定任务。此外,使用EXOs的人需要良好的躯干控制和上肢力量,以便与特定设备保持平衡,并安全管理EXOs。如果不以步行康复为目标,那么将EXO训练纳入康复计划可用于训练功能,例如在使用上肢时保持站立姿势,练习站立和坐下,刺激躯干运动和其他功能性任务是实现功能独立性的关键组成部分。之前的研究调查了直立姿势和活动性的益处,结果表明,使用EXO也有利于肠道功能、慢性疼痛、痉挛、心肺参数和骨骼健康。

迄今为止,还没有系统性的审查来收集使用EXOs所产生的功能和健康益处或损害的可用数据。这不仅包括步行,还包括SHC以及对日常生活活动(ADL)或生活质量的影响。本系统综述的目的是通过探索地上下肢EXOs的研究现状及其对SCI患者行走和SHCs的影响。鉴于人们对这些新兴技术设备的高度兴趣,以及对康复实践和结果的潜在影响,开展了这项研究。军事和工业领域使用的EXOs在本综述中没有针对性,旨在解决其他机器人辅助步态训练对SCI患者的影响的研究也没有针对性。到目前为止,关于机器人辅助步态训练效果的综述、荟萃分析和临床实践指南研究与SCI康复框架下的地面EXO(例如,在跑步机上支持体重的EXO、末端效应器装置等)不同。这些设备允许个人在固定和受限区域内进行步行训练,并配有体重支撑组件,以便于站立。相反,地上EXO允许个人行走探索环境,尽管他们需要更高的平衡控制和上肢辅助来维持平衡或控制步进。本研究侧重于不同机器人辅助步态训练的效果,强调由于缺乏地面外随机对照试验,以及研究之间的差异(例如神经和流行病学特征、训练方案和结果测量),很难在设备之间进行比较。本文发表在《J NeuroEngineering Rehabil》。

从2020年12月24日开始,通过在MED-LINE、Embase、Scopus、科学网和Cochrane图书馆(Cochrane对照试验中央登记册)上搜索选择研究。关键词(“脊髓疾病*”、“脊髓损伤*”、“机器人学”、“外骨骼”)医学主题词(“脊髓疾病”、“脊髓损伤”、“机器人学”、“外骨骼装置”)用于搜索PubMed和Cochrane图书馆。英语和人类研究被用作限制。此外,从检索到的文章以及之前发表的评论或荟萃分析中手动搜索参考文献列表也已完成。包括平行组或交叉设计的随机临床试验(RCT)和非随机临床试验(n-RCT)的完整报告,如队列研究、病例对照、基于Ekso、ReWalk、Indego、Rex和HAL的病例系列和试点研究。在EXO训练的情况下,无论是否与常规物理治疗(CPT)进行比较,都包括训练记录。以18岁以上SCI患者为研究对象,不考虑外伤性或非外伤性损伤、损伤后时间(TSI)、损伤程度、亚洲损伤量表(AIS)评分和性别。如果至少50%的受试者受SCI影响,则包括受SCI和其他神经系统疾病(如中风、多发性硬化)影响的人的试验。

41篇被纳入。研究选择过程的PRISMA流程图见图1。研究设计在不同的研究中是不同的。至于方法学质量,唯一纳入的RCT研究得分为“中等”(18/28)。对于n-RCT(n = 40)平均总分为10.32分(± 2.73)。在28项中,反映出“差”或“中等”的质量。共有580名参与者参与。两项研究讨论了对同一人群的影响,因此,在去除重复样本后,总共有566名参与者(M = 411,F = 143,其中一项研究没有描述参与者的性别进行了分析。参与者的平均年龄为43.58岁 ± 7.84. 具体而言,招募的人群包括25名健全受试者(ABs)、348名运动完全性损伤(AIS A和B)和170名运动不完全性损伤(AIS C和D)。两项研究[没有明确说明AIS水平。图2显示了根据AIS水平分组的颈椎、胸椎或腰椎病变SCI患者数量的详细信息。参与者处于亚急性期(即SCI后不到六个月)(N = 115)或处于慢性期(N = 325),4项研究没有明确说明TSI(N = 101). 41项研究均未纳入SCI以外的其他疾病患者。275名参与者被纳入Ekso研究,98名处于亚急性期,153名处于慢性期,16名为ABs。其余8名Ekso参与者的TSI未定义。关于ReWalk,招募了9名ABs和147名慢性SCI患者。最常见的不良事件是皮肤损伤,而不太常见的是极度疲劳、跌倒、骨折或肌肉拉伤。

在纳入的41项研究中,最受关注的是Ekso设备,其次是ReWalk、Indego、HAL和Rex设备。所有研究均为中等或较低的方法学质量水平(见表2)。得分较低主要是因为研究设计不佳,不包括对照组或随访评估。方法学证据水平大多为2B(41项选定研究中的28项得分)。在纳入的541名患者中,AIS评分未知的比例为4.25%,等于A或B的比例为64.33%,等于C或D的比例为31.42%。对于几乎所有的EXOs研究,分析人群主要由AIS A或B患者组成,尤其是Indego和ReWalk设备。HAL研究仅包括AIS C或D患者。此外,44.73%的SCI患者的病变水平缺失。在报告病变程度的研究中,胸部SCI是最常见的病变(41.04%),其次是颈部(10.91%)和腰椎(3.33%)。通过结合病变程度和损伤的数据,我们发现:对于分类为AIS A或B的病变,EXOs培训主要针对胸部病变的个体(即50%以上的个体);而在AIS C或D的情况下,EXOs的使用更可能是针对颈部和胸部病变的个体提出的。对于包括在内的大多数研究,根据AIS评分,在单个研究中登记的个体有不同的功能损害,并且有广泛的损害程度。

EXOs培训的主要目标不是直接提高日常生活能力,EXOs培训也可以帮助SCI患者实现日常生活能力的独立性,并减少继发性共病,因为它可以提高运动表现和自我护理的独立性。大多数SCI患者的生活质量都有所下降,这是因为他们很难实现自力更生的日常生活能力和参与社区可能提供的一切。与ADL领域相比,对健康相关的生活质量进行了更多的研究,并针对除HAL设备外的所有EXO进行了研究,包括亚急性或慢性SCI.

本系统综述的结果表明,即使可能发生不良事件(如皮肤损伤、下肢骨折等),EXO训练也可能在不同领域带来潜在益处。

Tamburella, F., Lorusso, M., Tramontano, M. et al. Overground robotic training effects on walking and secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: systematic reviewJ NeuroEngineering Rehabil 19, 27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-022-01003-9

 

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    2022-03-17 xue8602
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