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SGLT2降糖药致生殖器感染"发酵" 已上市药物几乎都中枪

2019-05-11 佚名 新浪医药新闻

2018年8月底,美国FDA发布安全警告,部分服用SGLT-2抑制剂的2型糖尿病患者发生了罕见、严重的生殖器和生殖器周围区域感染。这种罕见的严重感染称为会阴坏死性筋膜炎,也被称作福尼尔坏疽(Fournier’s gangrene,FG),是一种危及生命的暴发性感染,影响生殖器周围皮下组织,该病特点是发病急骤、怕冷高热、发展迅速、病情凶险,受感染组织先后发生广泛的坏死和坏疽。FDA已要求所有SGLT

2018年8月底,美国FDA发布安全警告,部分服用SGLT-2抑制剂的2型糖尿病患者发生了罕见、严重的生殖器和生殖器周围区域感染。这种罕见的严重感染称为会阴坏死性筋膜炎,也被称作福尼尔坏疽(Fournier’s gangrene,FG),是一种危及生命的暴发性感染,影响生殖器周围皮下组织,该病特点是发病急骤、怕冷高热、发展迅速、病情凶险,受感染组织先后发生广泛的坏死和坏疽。FDA已要求所有SGLT2抑制剂的处方信息和患者用药指南中添加关于这种风险的新警告信息。(详见:美FDA警告:糖尿病SGLT2抑制剂或造成生殖器严重感染)

近日,发表于顶级医学期刊《内科学年鉴》上的一项最新研究给出了一组新数据,研究提示,SGLT2抑制剂与FG之间存在明显关联,并对医生处方该类药物提出了警告。

研究人员从FDA不良事件报告数据库筛查出了从2013年3月1日至2019年1月31日服用SGLT2抑制剂治疗的2型糖尿病患者,发生了55例独特FG病例。患者年龄33-87岁,其中男性39人,女性16人。SGLT2抑制剂治疗开始至发生FG的时间范围从5天至49个月不等。所有患者均进行了手术清创,病情严重。报告的并发症包括糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA,n=8)、败血症或败血症休克(n=9)、急性肾损伤(n=4)。8例患者接受了肛门改道手术、2例患者出现了需要截肢的下肢FG、1例患者因坏疽脚趾进行了下肢血管旁路手术、3例患者死亡。

为了进行比较,研究人员从1984年至2019年1月31日确定了19例与其他降糖药相关的FG病例:二甲双胍(n=8)、甘精胰岛素(n=6)、短效胰岛素(n=2)、默沙东DPP-4抑制剂西格列汀+二甲双胍(n=2)、礼来GLP-1受体激动剂度拉鲁肽(n=1)。这些患者年龄从42-79岁不等,其中男性12人,女性7人,2例患者死亡。

研究人员表示,尚不能确定因果关系,可能还有更多的病例没有报告。尽管如此,FG在服用SGLT2抑制剂的2型糖尿病患者中是一个“新发现的安全问题”,提醒医生在处方该类药物时“应意识到这种可能的并发症”,特别是在启动SGLT2抑制剂治疗后的早期阶段。

值得注意的是,此次与SGLT2抑制剂相关的55例FG病例,涉及3种SGLT2抑制剂,分别为:卡格列净(n=12)、达格列净(n=16)、恩格列净(n=18)。目前尚未发现与埃格列净相关的FG病例,这可能是由于该药上市时间较晚(2017年12月获FDA批准),市场停留时间有限。

2013年3月底,强生Invokana(canagliflozin,卡格列净)获美国FDA批准,成为登录美国市场的首个SGLT2抑制剂。截至目前,已有4款SGLT2抑制剂获得FDA批准,另外3款分别为阿斯利康Farxiga(dapagliflozin,达格列净)、勃林格殷格翰/礼来Jardiance(empagliflozin,恩格列净)、默沙东/辉瑞Steglatro(ertugliflozin,埃格列净)。

目前尚不清楚为什么只有少数糖尿病患者会发生这种情况,但有专家指出,一个特定的事件可能引发这种情况,包括性生活后的创伤、尿路感染、生殖器穿孔、植入阴茎假体或直肠异物等。需要指出的是,糖尿病本身也会增加患FG的几率;此外,酗酒、艾滋病病毒感染以及使用癌症药物也会使FG更可能发生。不过,即使对于那些患有更可能发生并引发事件的人来说,FG仍然很罕见。例如,先前的研究表明,每10万人中约有1.6人发生FG,而在50-79岁男性中,每10万人发生约3例FG,该病在男性中比女性更常见。

该研究的第一作者、FDA医疗官员Susan Bersoff-Matcha表示,“虽然现在已经知道SGLT2抑制剂类降糖药可能导致FG,但这份新的报告强调了意识到这种疾病的风险并尽早地发现它的重要性。”

SGLT-2(钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2)抑制剂是一种新型口服降糖药,可以选择性地抑制肾脏近曲小管上皮细胞膜管腔侧的SGLT2,减少葡萄糖重吸收并促进尿糖排泄,进而发挥降低血糖作用。这类新型口服降糖药已取得了广泛的成功,但自上市以来有关的安全警告接连不断。除了2018年8月底的FG安全警告之外,之前FDA还发布了多则警告:1)2015年5月,FDA警告SGLT2抑制剂可能导致2型糖尿病患者因酮症酸中毒而住院;2)2015年9月,FDA提高卡格列净骨折风险警示级别;3)2015年12月,FDA再次警告SGLT2抑制剂的酮症酸中毒风险,同时警告SGLT2抑制剂引起严重泌尿系统感染的风险;4)2016年5月,FD警告服用卡格列净可能会导致下肢截肢(主要是脚趾)风险增加;5)2016年6月,FDA提高卡格列净和达格列净现有药品标签中关于肾损伤风险的警示级别。

除了治疗2型糖尿病之外,部分要求也在开发SGLT2抑制剂治疗1型糖尿病。目前,已有3款SGLT抑制剂获批治疗1型糖尿病,分别为安斯泰来Suglat(ipragliflozin L-proline,伊格列净L-脯氨酸,SGLT2抑制剂,日本批准)、阿斯利康Forxiga(欧盟&日本批准)、赛诺菲/Lexicon公司Zynquista(sotagliflozin,索格列净,SGLT1/2双效抑制剂,欧盟批准)。在美国市场,目前尚无SGLT抑制剂获批治疗1型糖尿病,今年3月Zynquista因糖尿病酮症酸中毒风险被FDA拒绝批准。

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    2019-12-21 tulenzi
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    2019-05-13 jiekemin

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