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间歇性禁食能抗癌?神刊CA下场"辟谣"

2021-09-14 网络 网络

间歇性禁食,又叫“轻断食”,是近年来十分流行的词汇,并且在去年成为了美国最受欢迎的饮食方式。很多研究声称间歇性禁食具有强大的抗癌作用,那么事实又是如何呢?

 

www.b3cells.cn

首先我们了解一下什么叫间歇性禁食。目前主要有4种间歇性禁食方案:

  • 限定每日进食的时间跨度,一般在4~12小时以内,最好在8小时以内;

  • 5:2饮食模式,即每周中有2天禁食;

  • 6:1饮食模式,即每周中有1天禁食;

  • 每隔1天就禁食24小时,但不限制饮水及其他无热量饮品的摄入

需要注意的是,禁食期间不必完全不摄入热量,但热量摄入要低于每日500大卡,约为2个炸鸡腿。而在非禁食期间也应该遵循正常的能量摄入,不可暴饮暴食。

间歇性禁食的本质是热量摄入控制,是“慢性热量限制”的替代方案。慢性热量限制是指每日食物摄入量减少10%~25%,但进餐频率不变。在临床研究中,慢性热量限制已经显示出强大的抗癌作用,但实际操作时很难长期坚持。

间歇性禁食的定义。doi: 10.3322/caac.21694.

其实早在1942年,科学家就发现了热量摄入控制具有抗癌作用。在对淋巴瘤乳腺癌和皮肤癌的数百项研究中,热量控制都显示出良好的抗癌效果。灵长类动物试验也表明,热量控制的饮食方式可以让猴子自发癌症的风险降低50%。

人类中也常见饮食控制延长寿命的现象。基督教、犹太教、佛教和伊斯兰教提倡各种形式的禁食,严格斋戒者往往更加长寿,这引起了医学工作者的兴趣。但间歇性禁食毕竟不同于慢性热量限制,其发挥抗癌作用的机制也并不清楚,因此首先就需要动物实验来验证这一猜想。

穆斯林斋月。人民网

在乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和神经母细胞瘤的异种移植小鼠模型中,研究人员发现2个周期的 48小时禁食与2个化疗周期在抗肿瘤方面同样有效。前列腺癌小鼠模型中,2次24小时禁食方案可以延缓肿瘤生长并提高存活率。

但是矛盾的结果也屡有报道。例如,有研究发现间歇性禁食不能抑制自发性乳腺癌的发展,也不能减缓DBA小鼠的肿瘤生长。另有报道称,间歇性禁食不能降低小鼠急性髓系白血病的发生率。

PMID: 14772734

大鼠实验同样陷入矛盾的境地。曾有研究称,大鼠暴露在致癌物质后的1个月内,每周禁食48小时可以减少肝脏肿瘤的数量和体积。但随后的实验发现,经历禁食/再进食周期的大鼠,其肿瘤更具侵袭性。换言之,禁食后如果再摄入食物反而会促进肿瘤的发展。

可见,间歇性禁食对动物癌症影响的研究结论是不一致的。在某些癌症中,动物模型上甚至观察到禁食的有害影响,但这可能继发于禁食方案选择的错误,并不能否定间歇性禁食的益处。尽管如此,这些发现表明,需要更多的临床前研究来了解造成结果迥异的原因。

pixabay

目前还没有专门的大型前瞻性研究报道间歇性禁食对人类的影响。不过,由于禁食可以影响体重和代谢,而体重的降低和代谢的改善有利于预防癌症,因此部分人推测间歇性禁食可能有利于癌症的预防。

曾有研究发现,5:2禁食模式在短期(6个月)内可以降低某些癌症的风险因素,包括降低了空腹血糖、胰岛素、瘦素水平和增加了脂联素水平,这些都已被证明与癌症的发病机制有关。但是长期(12个月)的研究却发现,这样的改善效果并不明显。

瘦素模式图。www.163.com

我们并不能将动物实验类推到人类的原因是,人体与啮齿类动物的代谢模式有很大差异:

  • IGF-1:高水平的IGF-1与乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌有关,啮齿动物在间歇性禁食后IGF-1水平降低。然而,一些研究表明,间歇性禁食不会降低人类血清IGF-1的浓度。 

  • 酮体:酮体可以抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶,抑制肿瘤生长。在小鼠禁食4~7小时后血浆酮浓度就会增加,在24小时后达到峰值。但是人类中,酮体在18~24小时才开始增加,禁食2周才达到峰值。 

  • 自噬:动物禁食可以诱导自噬,这种饥饿诱导的自噬可减少正常细胞转化成癌细胞。但在人类中,这种方式会增加自噬尚不清楚,而且人类中的自噬是抑癌还是促癌也需要谨慎研究。

鉴于人类研究的缺乏,目前临床上并不建议对接受癌症治疗的患者进行间歇性禁食。不过对已经接受过治疗的患者,间歇性禁食可以作为一种减肥的策略。对健康人群来说,间歇性禁食可以作为减肥的选择,但对其也不必抱有过早和过多的期待。

参考文献

1、Katherine K Clifton, et al. Intermittent fasting in the prevention and treatment of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021. doi: 10.3322/caac.21694.

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    2022-04-11 feather87
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    2021-09-14 jiazhoudexue

    这方面的临床研究实在是太少了!

    0

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    2021-09-14 病毒猎手

    不能夸大#间歇性禁食#的作用

    0

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    2021-09-14 DAWU

    👍

    0

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