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广东省医疗机构神经氨酸酶抑制剂临床用药指引(试行)

2013-05-13 佚名 广东省卫生厅

  粤卫明电〔2013〕11号   各地级以上市卫生局、深圳市卫生和人口计划生育委员会,佛山市顺德区人口和卫生药品监督局,部属、省属医药院校附属医院和厅直属医院:   为进一步加强全省人感染H7N9禽流感医疗救治工作,减少重症病例出现,科学使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂(包括奥司他韦、扎那米韦和帕拉米韦等),我厅组织制定了《广东省医疗机构神经氨酸酶抑制剂临床用药指引(试行)》,现印发给你们,供临床参考,

  粤卫明电〔2013〕11号

  各地级以上市卫生局、深圳市卫生和人口计划生育委员会,佛山市顺德区人口和卫生药品监督局,部属、省属医药院校附属医院和厅直属医院:

  为进一步加强全省人感染H7N9禽流感医疗救治工作,减少重症病例出现,科学使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂(包括奥司他韦、扎那米韦和帕拉米韦等),我厅组织制定了《广东省医疗机构神经氨酸酶抑制剂临床用药指引(试行)》,现印发给你们,供临床参考,并提出如下意见,请一并贯彻执行。

  一、各级卫生行政部门和各级各类医疗机构要转变将神经氨酸酶抑制剂单纯理解为国家应急储备药品的错误观念,应明确神经氨酸酶抑制剂更是治疗各类流感的常规药品,是常规抗流感药物,不属国家管制或限制使用药品,应回归抗流感药品的正常属性。同时,应充分认识到,对各种类型的流感及时给予神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗,可延缓发展至重症病例,因此,对符合用药指征的患者,应及时予神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗,无须等待有关检测结果。

  二、各级各类医疗机构可自行采购足量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,报当地纠正医药购销和医疗服务中不正之风工作领导小组办公室备案(部属、省属驻穗各医疗机构报省医药采购中心备案)。目前,我省正值流感发病高峰期(优势毒株为甲型H1N1流感病毒),已出现流感患者死亡病例,各医疗机构要采购足量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,供临床正常抗流感治疗使用。

  三、各级各类医疗机构要取消医生开具神经氨酸酶抑制剂处方的限制,有处方权的医师均可根据病情需要开具神经氨酸酶抑制剂处方,不须医院行政领导或上级医生签字同意。使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂前要与患者及(或)家属做好沟通解释工作。

  四、对通过应急渠道发放到有关医疗机构储备的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,仍按有关规定进行管理。

  五、各级卫生行政部门要加强对属地医疗机构的督查,督促正常、科学使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂。要加强培训,组织医务人员,认真学习国家卫生和计划生育委员会颁布的《人感染H7N9禽流感诊疗方案(2013年第二版)》及专家共识,指导早期使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂,减少重症病例出现,降低病死率。

  执行中有何问题和建议请及时反馈我厅医政处。联系人:张伟,联系电话:020-83854699、13332881789。

  广东省医疗机构神经氨酸酶抑制剂临床用药指引(试行)

  为进一步加强全省人感染H7N9禽流感医疗救治工作,减少重症病例出现,科学使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂(包括奥司他韦、扎那米韦或帕拉米韦等),制定本指引。

  一、使用时机

  (一)神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗各类流感(包括人感染H7N9禽流感)早期使用疗效确切,应尽量在发病48小时内开始使用。

  (二)对于人感染H7N9禽流感重症病例及临床认为需要使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂的病例,发病超过48小时亦应使用。

  二、适应症

  (一)甲型流感病毒对金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺早有耐药,对奥司他韦和扎那米韦仍然敏感。乙型流感病毒对奥司他韦或扎那米韦敏感。最新实验室检查结果提示,H7N9禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶类药物敏感,对烷胺类药物耐药。因此建议对临床诊断为流感的病例均可以使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗;

  (二)人感染H7N9禽流感相关病例。

  1.监测病例(已出现临床流感样症状)、疑似病例和确诊病例,应尽早足量使用;

  2.甲型流感病毒抗原快速检测阳性的流感样病例,要及时使用;

  3.甲型流感病毒抗原快速检测阴性,但具有下列情形之一者,亦要及时使用:

  (1)有流感样症状,与患者有密切接触(包括医护人员)或在1周内接触过禽类者,或发生聚集性流感样病例

  (2)有基础疾病如慢性心肺疾病,高龄,孕妇等流感样病例;

  (3)病情快速进展及临床上认为需要使用抗病毒药物的流感样病例;

  (4)其他不明原因肺炎病例。

  4.未进行甲型流感病毒抗原快速检测或H7N9禽流感核酸检测的:对有发热、出现流感样症状及有接触H7N9禽流感患者或近期有禽类接触史者,要及时使用;对高热,伴咽痛、鼻塞、流涕等流感样症状且外周血白细胞降低或正常的患者,无明显接触史,亦可根据病情使用。

  三、用法

  (一)对疑似或确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感的病例在使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂前应留取呼吸道标本。并动态后续留取标本。注重病毒实验室检查和抗病毒治疗同步进行;不必为了等待实验室确诊才启动抗病毒治疗,以免延误治疗时机。

  (二)奥司他韦(Oseltamivir):

  1.成人:剂量75mg每日2次,疗程5-7天。

  2.儿童:

  1岁及以上年龄的儿童患者应根据体重给药:体重不足15Kg者,予30mg每日2次;体重15-23Kg者,予45mg每日2次;体重23-40Kg者,予60mg每日2次;体重大于40Kg者,予75mg每日2次。

  对于儿童及吞咽胶囊有困难的患者,可选用奥司他韦颗粒剂。

  (三)扎那米韦(Zanamivir):

  成人及7岁以上青少年用法:每日2次,间隔12小时;每次10mg(分两次吸入)。由于扎那米韦偶可引起支气管痉挛和过敏反应,对有哮喘等基础疾病的患者要慎重,不推荐吸入扎那米韦治疗。

  (四)帕拉米韦(Peramivir):

  尽管奥司他韦能被危重症患者良好吸收,但仍有部分患者因可疑或明确的胃潴留、消化不良或消化道出血而无法耐受或吸收口服奥司他韦,对于这类患者应考虑使用帕拉米韦氯化钠注射液,或静脉输注扎那米韦。重症病例或无法口服者可用帕拉米韦氯化钠注射液,成人用量为300-600mg,静脉滴注,每日1次,疗程1-5天。

  (五)轻症病例应首选奥司他韦或扎那米韦。

  (六)鉴于目前缺乏吸入扎那米韦治疗严重流感患者的数据,因此,对重症住院病例和病情复杂患者,建议给予口服奥司他韦(而非吸入扎那米韦)治疗。

  (七)应根据病毒核酸检测阳性情况,决定是否延长疗程。对重症病例,剂量可加倍,疗程可适当延长至10天。在考虑是否对重症和病情迁延患者增加剂量(加倍)和延长疗程(5天以上)时,应结合临床判断和下呼吸道样本病毒学检查结果(real time PCR)综合判断。对于这些患者,推荐采集下呼吸道样本(例如支气管肺泡灌洗液或气管内吸取物、甚至诱导痰);假如无法获取下呼吸道样本,也可采集上呼吸道样本,如口咽拭子。

  对于免疫抑制患者可能有必要给予较长时间治疗,因为这类患者可能存在迁延的病毒复制,也易于发生病毒耐药。

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    2013-07-16 jklm09
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952010, encodeId=bd39195201045, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e1522890e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22890, encryptionId=9e1522890e0, topicName=临床用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=db7c233, createdName=changjitao2009, createdTime=Mon Mar 24 02:09:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943319, encodeId=d25c1943319f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c420e4347d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经氨酸酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74347, encryptionId=c420e4347d1, topicName=神经氨酸酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad7f282, createdName=yang0210, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 06:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851122, encodeId=763918511222a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Tue Jul 16 06:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1900113, encodeId=e219190011359, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70674912438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#广东省#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49124, encryptionId=70674912438, topicName=广东省)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7a159, createdName=3631173, createdTime=Wed Mar 26 00:09:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298312, encodeId=a6d6129831279, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac55350442f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗机构#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35044, encryptionId=ac55350442f, topicName=医疗机构)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Wed May 15 00:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-03-26 3631173
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1952010, encodeId=bd39195201045, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e1522890e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22890, encryptionId=9e1522890e0, topicName=临床用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=db7c233, createdName=changjitao2009, createdTime=Mon Mar 24 02:09:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943319, encodeId=d25c1943319f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c420e4347d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经氨酸酶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74347, encryptionId=c420e4347d1, topicName=神经氨酸酶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad7f282, createdName=yang0210, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 06:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851122, encodeId=763918511222a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Tue Jul 16 06:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1900113, encodeId=e219190011359, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70674912438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#广东省#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49124, encryptionId=70674912438, topicName=广东省)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7a159, createdName=3631173, createdTime=Wed Mar 26 00:09:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298312, encodeId=a6d6129831279, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac55350442f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗机构#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35044, encryptionId=ac55350442f, topicName=医疗机构)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Wed May 15 00:09:00 CST 2013, time=2013-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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