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JAMA子刊:妊娠早期使用阿片类药物会增加新生儿畸形风险!

2021-05-10 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

妊娠早期使用阿片类药物有较高的后代轻度先天性畸形风险,且存在剂量依赖性。

怀孕期间发生疼痛很常见。除了通常影响育龄妇女的疼痛原因之外,孕妇还会经历一系列生理变化,包括韧带松弛和体重增加等,后者都可能诱发甚至加重一系列疼痛状况。因此,在怀孕期间,包括阿片类药物在内的镇痛药也经常被使用。

曾有研究就美国全国范围进行统计,数据表明,约22%的医疗补助受益人和14%的商业保险受益人在怀孕期间使用过至少一种阿片类处方药物。在欧洲国家、加拿大和澳大利亚,怀孕期间使用阿片类药物的频率虽然低于美国,但比例也不低(在大多数研究人群中约为5%)。

美国妇产科医师协会建议,应优先考虑其他疼痛管理策略,以避免或尽量减少妊娠期间的阿片类药物暴露。然而,阿片类药物的普遍使用仍在继续,据推测是因为治疗的好处被认为超过了对母亲和婴儿的伤害风险。

流行病学研究显示,阿片类药物可能具有致畸作用,但目前的证据仍十分有限且相互矛盾。不久前,美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的一项meta分析发现,以往有关阿片类药物至畸的相关研究大多认为与先天性畸形、血管畸形、室间隔缺损/房间隔缺损、脊柱裂、口腔裂和马蹄内翻足等疾病的总体风险增加有关。

为了全面评价怀孕期间母亲使用处方阿片类药物(不包括阿片类药物使用障碍)与先天性畸形发生率之间的关系,近期发表在《美国医学会杂志》子刊JAMA network open上的研究给出了答案。

这项基于人口的回顾性队列研究评估了2008年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间罗得岛医疗补助索赔和活产的生命统计数据。在研究期间有活产,但没有癌症或阿片类药物使用障碍的妇女,从怀孕前3个月到怀孕结束进行了跟踪。研究的主要结果是所有先天性畸形的发生。

主要和次要先天性畸形的粗略事件率和调整后RR

在纳入的12424例妊娠事件中,891名母亲(7.2%)在怀孕期间接受了处方阿片类药物,3153名婴儿(25.4%)被诊断为重度或轻度先天性畸形。比较处方阿片类药物暴露与无暴露,没有观察到在第1个月有阿片类药物暴露的婴儿有重大出生缺陷的额外风险(RR=1.40;95%CI,0.84-2. 34)。

但在第3个月发现阿片类药物使用会增加总体轻度出生缺陷的风险(RR=1.26;95% CI,1.04-1.53),在第2个月(RR=1.50;95% CI,1.10-2.03)和第3个月(RR=1.65;95% CI,1.23-2.22)分别可以发现肌肉骨骼系统的轻微出生缺陷。

阿片暴露相关的主要或次要先天性畸形的调整RR

同时,阿片类药物对轻度急性的影响还存在明显的剂量反应。第2个月(RR=3.01;95%CI,1.80-5.03)和第3个月的羟考酮(RR=2.43;95%CI,1.37-4.02)使用明显与臀部畸形、多趾畸形和其他特定的臀部先天性畸形相关。

综上,妊娠早期使用阿片类药物有较高的后代轻度先天性畸形风险,且存在剂量依赖性。

 

参考文献:

Wen X, Belviso N, Murray E, Lewkowitz AK, Ward KE, Meador KJ. Association of Gestational Opioid Exposure and Risk of Major and Minor Congenital Malformations. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e215708. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5708

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    2021-05-12 wushaoling
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    2021-05-10 旺医

    顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息

    0

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    2021-05-10 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

拓展阅读

JAMA:萘普生-对乙酰氨基酚-泮托拉唑用于关节镜骨外科手术后的疼痛管理

在接受关节镜膝关节或肩部手术的患者中,与标准阿片类药物处方相比,萘普生-对乙酰氨基酚-泮托拉唑替代方案显著降低了术后6周内阿片类药物消耗,在患者治疗满意度方面无显著差异。

Nature BE:瘫痪的人可以重新行走吗?鲍哲南团队带来新突破

近期有研究发现人工智能提供的新疗法可以止痛,减少患者使用阿片类药物。

JAMA Surg:病人为中心的术后疼痛管理用于颈部内分泌术后止痛

在颈部内分泌手术后,以病人为中心的术后疼痛管理手段可减少阿片类处方量,同时不会增加患者术后疼痛负担。

IBD: 使用过大麻的IBD患者住院时需要阿片类制剂的比例明显较高

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种慢性炎症性疾病,它的发病会对患者的生活质量产生一定影响,而且对于常规药物治疗的反应不一。

DCR:长期术前使用阿片类药物对手术部位感染,住院时间和再入院率的影响

阿片类药物是治疗中重度疼痛的常用药物,但其不良反应可能会影响部分患者的临床应用。

JCC:阿片类药物使用紊乱增加了炎症性肠病患者的30天再入院风险

近年来,随着对阿片类药物的使用不断增加,尤其是在患有慢性疼痛的炎性肠病[IBD]患者中,阿片类药物的流行已引起越来越多的关注。

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