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女性冠心病的十个“颠覆性认识”

2016-02-03 杨进刚 中国循环杂志

心血管病是当今威胁女性生命和健康的主要疾病。中国的女性死因排序中,因心脏病死亡已超过了脑卒中和肿瘤,成为首位死亡原因。发达国家的男性冠心病患者的病死率已呈下降趋势。   但多年以来,女性的心血管病的研究和预防工作一直受到相对的忽视,女性的猝死发生率有逐渐升高的趋势。根据美国的资料,女性的猝死率从1989年的38%升至1999年的47%,女性在到达医院前猝死者多于男性(52%比42%)

心血管病是当今威胁女性生命和健康的主要疾病。中国的女性死因排序中,因心脏病死亡已超过了脑卒中和肿瘤,成为首位死亡原因。发达国家的男性冠心病患者的病死率已呈下降趋势。
 
但多年以来,女性的心血管病的研究和预防工作一直受到相对的忽视,女性的猝死发生率有逐渐升高的趋势。根据美国的资料,女性的猝死率从1989年的38%升至1999年的47%,女性在到达医院前猝死者多于男性(52%比42%)。
 
在过去的一段时间内,人们对不同性别的冠心病的症状、病理生理、治疗、临床预后的认识发生了很大的转变。
 
一、女性冠心病发病率低,可能由于女性冠性病的漏诊率高。
 
以往的观点认为,除老年女性外,各个年龄段的女性人群冠心病的发病率均低于同年龄段的男性人群。

但有研究对这一问题作出了新的解释,即女性冠心病的发病率低是因为对女性的慢性冠性病或急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的漏诊率高。
 
二、女性平板运动试验的阳性率低,假阳性率高。
 
接受平板运动试验的女性患者的阳性率低于男性患者,冠心病外科研究组(CASS)研究还发现女性患者运动试验的假阳性率是男性的4.5倍。
 
三、在漏诊的心肌梗死患者中,女性占较大的比例。
 
根据最新的心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南,正确诊断为急性心肌梗死的女性患者比男性患者少40%。
 
四、在有心肌缺血证据的女性患者中,有六成未发现明显狭窄。
 
根据女性缺血性综合征评价研究(WISE),在胸痛或无创检查发现有缺血证据的患者中,在接受冠脉造影后,有60%的女性不存在有限制血流的的狭窄。
 
女性微血管结构的损害与冠心病的关系较为密切。女性视网膜动脉的情况能够预测其预后,但未见男性有这种预测作用。

内皮功能失调也有重要的作用,一项入选400例绝经后高血压女性患者的研究表明,经血流介导的血管舒张增加10%可使冠心病事件下降7.3倍。

微冠状动脉的内皮功能失调心肌灌注异常,引起缺血症状,表现为胸痛的症状不严重,范围较广但持续时间长,不会导致大面积的心肌坏死,符合女性的缺血症状。

也有研究证实女性的冠状动脉的储备能力低于男性。

五、所谓冠状动脉造影正常的女性患者,有相当比例存在冠脉斑块。
 
WISE的亚组研究显示,所谓冠状动脉造影正常的女性患者,在经血管内超声(IVUS)检查后,约80%冠状动脉存在斑块病变,并且大多数为多发性病灶。
 
IVUS发现有较多的冠状动脉斑块,可能是部分女性患者预后较差的原因之一。

这些斑块虽无血流动力学意义,但可在负荷试验中表现出缺血,推测可能由冠状动脉痉挛,或微血管的内皮功能失调,导致冠状动脉储备降低,也有可能为心肌代谢异常引起。
 
六、有症状,但造影证实的冠脉异常的女性比例低,可能与微血管结构损害和内皮功能异常有关。
 
女性视网膜动脉的情况能够预测其预后,但未见男性有这种预测作用。

内皮功能失调也有重要的作用,一项入选400例绝经后高血压女性患者的研究表明,经血流介导的血管舒张增加10%可使冠心病事件下降7.3倍。
 
微冠状动脉的内皮功能失调,导致心肌灌注异常,引起的缺血症状,表现为胸痛的症状不严重,范围较广但持续时间长,不会导致大面积的心肌坏死,符合女性的缺血症状。
 
七、造影作为诊断冠心病的方法不科学,“女性负荷试验的假阳性率高”的结论需要重新审视
 
若以冠状动脉造影作为确诊冠心病的证据,则可能会有很大的一部分女性患者被漏诊,若此时患者的运动试验为阳性则可能被误判为假阳性。
 
八、有胸痛症状,但无缺血证据的女性,可能存在精神方面的原因
 
一部分冠状动脉造影正常但持续有胸痛症状的女性患者找不到缺血的证据,可能没有心肌缺血,此时的胸痛只是患者的主观感觉。此时的胸痛有可能为精神方面的原因,如焦虑或惊恐发作使患者感到疼痛或其他感觉异常。
 
九、根据典型症状来诊断冠心病,将造成65%的冠心病女性患者漏诊。
 
女性与男性冠心病症状学有明显的不同之处:
 
(1)慢性心绞痛:女性患者心绞痛阈值变化范围差异大,持续时间较长,程度较轻,且疼痛范围分布小。
 
(2)急性冠状动脉综合征:男性患者常以胸痛为主要症状,而女性患者主诉多为背痛和大汗症状,而弥散性胸痛较少。男性急性心肌梗死患者多表现为压榨性胸痛,女性则主诉气短、极度疲乏,伴或不伴有典型的胸痛包括腹部、颈部和肩部疼痛以及恶心。
 
(3)无论症状典型与否,急性心肌梗死预后都是相似的。
 
十、对女性可能存在不适当的过度应用冠状动脉造影。
 
冠脉造影没有发现有明显冠脉病变的女性患者症状持续存在或恶化,如果这些症状仍为缺血引起,对生活质量的影响非常大,4~5年的随访发现,这些患者的心血管不良事件的发生率高。
 
总之,造成女性冠心病预后差于男性的主要原因是,早期的一些研究,包括一些临床试验的研究人群常常只包括男性,其结论却作为证据写入指南,用于指导男女两性人群的心血管病的临床诊治,而这些标准是否适合女性一直缺少系统的评价。

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    2016-02-10 1ddc440dm00(暂无匿称)

    女性冠心病诊断要求医生从临床症状,体征及辅助检查多方面相结合。

    0

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    2016-02-05 1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称)

    无敌

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63844, encodeId=211a6384497, content=女性冠心病诊断要求医生从临床症状,体征及辅助检查多方面相结合。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93491649600, createdName=1ddc440dm00(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 10 17:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63425, encodeId=feb16342559, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63426, encodeId=602c634266e, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=224, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63073, encodeId=2e78630e3a9, content=关注女性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=167, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63066, encodeId=e1826306618, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63067, encodeId=6f9d6306ed1, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63047, encodeId=15f46304e95, content=哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160203/IMG56B191D4EECEB3385.jpg, createdBy=42cc1685727, createdName=立信, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 14:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-03 jiangxianchen

    关注女性

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63844, encodeId=211a6384497, content=女性冠心病诊断要求医生从临床症状,体征及辅助检查多方面相结合。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93491649600, createdName=1ddc440dm00(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 10 17:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63425, encodeId=feb16342559, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63426, encodeId=602c634266e, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=224, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63073, encodeId=2e78630e3a9, content=关注女性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=167, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63066, encodeId=e1826306618, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63067, encodeId=6f9d6306ed1, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63047, encodeId=15f46304e95, content=哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160203/IMG56B191D4EECEB3385.jpg, createdBy=42cc1685727, createdName=立信, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 14:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-03 收获你的美

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63844, encodeId=211a6384497, content=女性冠心病诊断要求医生从临床症状,体征及辅助检查多方面相结合。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93491649600, createdName=1ddc440dm00(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 10 17:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63425, encodeId=feb16342559, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63426, encodeId=602c634266e, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=224, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63073, encodeId=2e78630e3a9, content=关注女性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=167, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63066, encodeId=e1826306618, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63067, encodeId=6f9d6306ed1, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63047, encodeId=15f46304e95, content=哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160203/IMG56B191D4EECEB3385.jpg, createdBy=42cc1685727, createdName=立信, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 14:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-03 收获你的美

    收藏

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63844, encodeId=211a6384497, content=女性冠心病诊断要求医生从临床症状,体征及辅助检查多方面相结合。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93491649600, createdName=1ddc440dm00(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Feb 10 17:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63425, encodeId=feb16342559, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63426, encodeId=602c634266e, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=224, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4a6b1686125, createdName=1de47ca2m12(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 05 14:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63073, encodeId=2e78630e3a9, content=关注女性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=167, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63066, encodeId=e1826306618, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63067, encodeId=6f9d6306ed1, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 15:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=63047, encodeId=15f46304e95, content=哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160203/IMG56B191D4EECEB3385.jpg, createdBy=42cc1685727, createdName=立信, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 14:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-03 立信

    哈哈

    0

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