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药不提当年勇:诺华心衰药物Entresto拟按真实世界有效性收费

2016-02-16 佚名 不详

近日诺华宣布和两个主要健康保险公司Cigna和Aetna签署其心衰药物Entresto的支付协议。诺华将提供一个基线折扣,然后根据Entresto在真实世界的表现增加(如果未达到预期疗效)或降低(超过预期疗效)这个折扣。但是双方并未公布具体内容,比如预期疗效、折扣具体数目等。在政府控制药价比较严的欧洲,如英国的NICE,经常和药厂达成这类协议。但这将是美国市场第一个主动按质论价的新药。在此之前

近日诺华宣布和两个主要健康保险公司Cigna和Aetna签署其心衰药物Entresto的支付协议。诺华将提供一个基线折扣,然后根据Entresto在真实世界的表现增加(如果未达到预期疗效)或降低(超过预期疗效)这个折扣。但是双方并未公布具体内容,比如预期疗效、折扣具体数目等。在政府控制药价比较严的欧洲,如英国的NICE,经常和药厂达成这类协议。但这将是美国市场第一个主动按质论价的新药。在此之前,有些药物如Zaltrap因疗效一般被迫降价和Entresto情况有所不同。

Entresto是去年上市的最具潜力的重磅药物之一,有人估计可能成为诺华历史上最大药物。但上市的头几个月销售并不理想,5个月仅卖了3500万美元,远低于专家预期。一个主要原因是老年医保为了控制药品支出,所有处方要经过他们批准才能支付。所以即使医生开方病人也未必能够使用这个新药,厂家自然也赚不到钱。另外老年医保要求对Entresto有6个月的观测期,也限制了这个产品的使用,当然这只是暂时的障碍。

在临床试验中Entresto比ACE抑制剂依那普利降低20%心脏病死亡率,降低16%全因死亡率,住院率下降16%。这是心衰治疗的巨大突破,但是即使这样支付部门显然还是不太热情。Entresto每片价格12.5美元,每年价格近5000美元。但根据其临床疗效专家认为这个价格物有所值。但也有人指出这个试验对照组并未使用依那普利批准的最高剂量20毫克(用了10毫克),所以并非最公平比较。

真实世界药物使用和临床试验有一些不同。临床试验环境高度优化,对病人用药和身体情况的检测和应急处理要优于一般医院。所以临床试验疗效(efficacy)和真实世界有效性(effectiveness)还有一定区别,但这个区别因为干扰因素太多很难准确界定。安慰剂效应、病人分布、以及诸多其它临床试验排除的干扰因素会在真实世界使用中存在,所以如何设定一个新药的疗效目标非常困难,诺华也没有公布这个信息。另外据说美国医院甚至现在还不具备收集这些数据的宏观设施,所以这个模式到底会怎么样现在还不好预测。

但按照一般商品消费原则按质论价合情合理。支付部门当然希望在确认这个产品在实际使用中能降低患者住院频率再支付,这样可以节约药物之外的医疗开支。诺华不得不暂时忘掉临床试验的辉煌,采取这个按价值收费的促销模式。当然即使这个模式最后证明厂家、患者、支付部门三方都认为是公平合理,药物也不能越过严格控制的临床试验而直接进入这个按质论价的市场。因为上面提到的干扰因素真实世界使用很难准确定义一个新药的疗效和安全性。但是一旦新药的疗效和安全性在临床试验中证实,按其真实世界价值作为收费根据却可能是以后新药的主要销售方式。

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