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全身麻醉气管插管后重度支气管痉挛“寂静肺”成功救治1例

2020-05-15 王倩钰 杨冬 郅娟 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志

患者女性,44岁,身高172 cm,体重60kg。因“子宫肌瘤”就诊,拟于全身麻醉下行“腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术+取环术”。患者平素体健,无慢性基础疾病,否认药物、食物过敏史。患者自诉平日感冒时咳嗽、咳痰

1.病例资料

1.1病史回顾

患者女性,44岁,身高172 cm,体重60kg。因“子宫肌瘤”就诊,拟于全身麻醉下行“腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术+取环术”。患者平素体健,无慢性基础疾病,否认药物、食物过敏史。患者自诉平日感冒时咳嗽、咳痰较多,曾在当地医院诊断为“支气管扩张”,因未见既往影像学资料和实验室检查结果,具体病情不详。

患者曾于2002年行剖宫产术,此次入院半年前于地方医院在全身麻醉下实施“乳腺纤维腺瘤切除术”,麻醉与手术过程均顺利,患者术后恢复良好。术前访视评估患者临床心功能Ⅰ级,气道评估Mallampati分级Ⅰ级,张口度大于3指,颈椎后仰度、甲颏距离和胸颏距离未见异常指征。患者主诉7d前患有轻微上呼吸道感染,偶有咳嗽、咳痰,体温正常(约36.7℃)。术前胸部X线、ECG检查结果未见明显异常。实验室检查结果:白细胞9.17×109g/L(正常值4.00×109~10.00×109g/L),中性粒细胞百分比50.1%(正常值50.0%~70.0%),嗜酸性粒细胞百分比6.2%(正常值0.5%~5.0%),凝血功能各项检查结果未见异常。

1.2麻醉经过

患者进入手术室后常规开放静脉通路,连接监护,监测血压100mmHg/65mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),心率72次/min,在未吸氧状态下SpO2 97%。经面罩纯氧预吸氧5min后,经静脉小壶给入咪达唑仑(生产批号:20180509,江苏恩华药业股份有限公司)1mg、昂丹司琼(生产批号:8J0161016,齐鲁制药有限公司)4mg、地塞米松(生产批号:1805031,天津金耀药业有限公司)5mg以及芬太尼(生产批号:8D06031,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司)100μg,静脉推注利多卡因(生产批号:201808011,遂成药业股份有限公司)20mg、丙泊酚(生产批号:X18007B,CordenPharmaS.P.A,意大利)150mg、罗库溴铵(生产批号:12006938,HamelnPharmaceuticalsGmbH,德国)50mg,实施快速麻醉诱导,面罩通气顺畅,胸廓起伏良好。

静脉推注罗库溴铵3min后,选用7.0号普通型气管导管(型号:16L0182JZX,Covidien公司,墨西哥)实施气管插管,插管过程顺利,固定导管置入深度距门齿22 cm处,随后,在手控通气时,感觉阻力极大,呈“铁肺”手感,听诊双肺无呼吸音,因怀疑发生气道外插管,故迅速拔除气管导管;拟行双人双手面罩纯氧通气,但经多次努力,无法获得有效的面罩通气。

随即采用可视喉镜(型号:PV112042,VerathonMedicalULC公司,加拿大)在直视声门下完成气管插管操作,在确认气管导管位于气道内后,双手挤压呼吸囊阻力仍然很大,依然呈“铁肺”手感,听诊双肺无呼吸音,连接呼吸机(型号:S/5Advance,Datex-OhmedaInc公司,美国)行机械控制容量通气,未出现呼末二氧化碳(end-tidal carbondioxide,EtCO2)波形,在迅速排除回路堵塞、滑脱、插管过深、肺水肿、肺栓塞、气胸、严重过敏反应和误吸等因素后,高度怀疑患者此时发生了临床罕见的麻醉后重度支气管痉挛,即“寂静肺”。

1.3麻醉处理

针对此临床判断,迅速给予一系列处理,包括增大七氟醚(生产批号:S044C829,Baxter Healthcare公司,西班牙)浓度至8%、新鲜氧气流量增至8L/min,向患者气管导管内喷射入沙丁胺醇气雾剂(生产批号:K63J,Glaxo WellcomeS.A,西班牙)3揿,听诊双肺依然无呼吸音,在静脉推注肾上腺素(生产批号:1709301,天津金耀药业有限公司)10μg后,逐渐出现不规则EtCO2波形,听诊双肺出现哮鸣音,随后每间隔2min静脉推注肾上腺素10μg,共给予肾上腺素30μg,同时间断向气管导管内喷射沙丁胺醇气雾剂,每次2揿,共4次。

积极处理后,逐渐出现较为规则的EtCO2波形,此时听诊双肺布满哮鸣音。随后将氢化可的松(生产批号:021703066,天津生物化学制药有限公司)100mg溶于100ml生理盐水静脉滴注。整个处理过程中,SpO2最低降至88%,后逐渐恢复到100%。待患者循环稳定,MAP70~80mmHg,气道压18 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098kPa),EtCO2波形逐渐规则,PETCO2稳至35~40mmHg,听诊双肺哮鸣音明显减轻后,逐渐降低七氟醚吸入浓度和氧气流量。

在手术过程中,七氟醚吸入浓度3.5%,氧气流量2L/min,并间断给予芬太尼共300μg,患者各项生命指征平稳,MAP70~80mmHg,气道压15~25 cmH2O,PETCO2维持在35~42mmHg。手术历时约1.5h,术后在深麻醉状态下吸痰,听诊患者双肺哮鸣音较前明显减轻。在患者清醒状态下顺利拔管后,纯氧面罩通气,SpO2可维持100%,听诊双肺小气道轻微哮鸣音。术中输液乳酸钠林格液1700ml,尿量50ml。术后送入PACU监护观察,在未吸氧时,SpO2仍可维持95%以上,患者神志清楚、循环稳定,主诉无不适感,安返病房。

2.讨论

2.1“寂静肺”的发生原因分析

“寂静肺”通常是指支气管哮喘患者因支气管强烈痉挛或广泛黏液栓堵塞而出现哮鸣音、呼吸音明显减弱或消失的一种危重征象。本例患者既往曾诊断为“支气管扩张”,因未进行高分辨力CT检查,故不明确是否存在气道结构改变。患者主诉既往无明显哮喘发作,但感冒时咳嗽、咳痰较多,此次入院7d前有轻微上呼吸道感染,偶有咳嗽、咳痰,表明此时患者气道仍处于高反应状态,且术前实验室检查已提示嗜酸性粒细胞百分比升高;这些病史、临床症状和实验室检查结果对于预防和诊断麻醉后支气管痉挛均具有重要指导意义。

术后经呼吸内科会诊,本例患者更倾向诊断为“咳嗽变应性哮喘”(即无哮喘典型发作,仅以咳嗽、咳痰为唯一不典型征象的特殊类型的哮喘)。对于类似的哮喘不典型患者,麻醉医师一定要谨慎评估、充分预防并给予积极有效的处理。

2.2“寂静肺”临床表现及诊断

围手术期严重支气管痉挛,即“寂静肺”,是一种气道的危重症象,具有发病急、病程进展快等特点,其临床表现对于其诊断具有重要意义,包括听诊双肺无呼吸音、人工通气阻力极大呈“铁肺”手感、气道压急剧升高、气管插管后无EtCO2波形以及低氧血症等。围手术期“寂静肺”与哮喘具有相类似的发病机制。因而,对于上呼吸道感染、哮喘以及过敏体质等气道高反应患者,在麻醉诱导和拔管过程中,麻醉医师需提高警惕。

在全身麻醉时,因呛咳反射被抑制,气道黏膜功能受损,咽颚肌张力降低,膈肌功能受抑制以及气道分泌物增多等一系列生理机能改变,与“寂静肺”的发生有明显相关性。尤其是症状未完全控制的哮喘患者以及长期吸烟史并伴有近期上呼吸道感染的患者发生围手术期“寂静肺”的概率显著增高。

需要注意的是,某些麻醉药物可诱发围手术期“寂静肺”的发生,例如,阿曲库铵、美维库铵等肌肉松弛药具有组胺释放作用,故不宜用于哮喘患者。对于特异性过敏体质患者(如过敏性鼻炎患者),有组胺释放作用的药物更易诱发支气管痉挛,甚至是“寂静肺”。

本患者虽未使用上述可诱发“寂静肺”的药物,但罗库溴铵有轻微组铵释放作用,故不排除其为诱发因素之一。虽然最近有关于顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵在体内引起组胺释放的相关报道,但是对于“寂静肺”高危患者,使用顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵可能更加安全。

2.3“寂静肺”的预防

为预防围手术期“寂静肺”的发生,术前应详细了解患者病史,对上呼吸道感染以及哮喘患者,控制病情在稳定水平,术前需进行呼吸功能测定,必要时请呼吸内科会诊。麻醉诱导前充分预氧合,并保证足够的麻醉诱导深度。Takiguchi等研究表明,应用利多卡因在气管插管前进行充分的气道表面麻醉,可降低支气管痉挛和“寂静肺”的发生风险,但要控制喷药的速度和浓度,避免因其对气道的刺激作用而引起气道收缩。在麻醉诱导前经静脉给予利多卡因1.5mg/kg,亦可以降低气管插管时的气道反应。

此外,为预防围手术期“寂静肺”的发生,还需要在围手术期维持适当的麻醉深度,并要注意进行气道内操作时,动作轻柔,尽可能减轻对气道的刺激。在浅麻醉状态下,镇痛、肌松不完全以及气管插管、气管拔管、吸痰等气道内操作和手术牵拉等刺激均与围手术期“寂静肺”的发生显著相关。并且,当气管导管插入过深刺激隆突时,可引起胆碱能神经亢奋而诱发支气管痉挛,严重者也可导致“寂静肺”的发生。

本例患者在麻醉诱导过程中,不排除因输液管路弯折、输液速度过慢,导致药物没有充分进入静脉管路,并在肌肉松弛药未完全起效的情况下即实施了首次气管插管操作,气管导管对气道的强刺激、插管操作不够轻柔等都可能成为“寂静肺”的诱发因素。

尤其需要注意的是,气管插管后一旦出现听诊双肺无呼吸音,人工通气阻力极大呈“铁肺”手感,气道压急剧升高,不可见EtCO2波形时,不应急于拔除气管导管,首先需要借助可视喉镜或软镜等气道管理工具确认气管导管是否在气道内,从而有效避免盲目拔管、再插管等机械性操作对气道的不必要刺激。因其不仅可能会加重气道痉挛状态,甚至可能出现因无法完成再次气管插管操作,不能建立安全、有效的气道,从而威胁患者围手术期生命安全。

吸入麻醉药七氟醚有很强的支气管扩张作用,是预防和紧急处理支气管痉挛患者的理想用药。对于一般状况良好、血流动力学稳定的患者,可采用丙泊酚实施静脉麻醉诱导;对于血流动力学不稳定的患者,麻醉诱导用药可考虑使用氯胺酮或依托咪酯。尽管阿片类药物可增加气道反应性,但是芬太尼、瑞芬太尼以及舒芬太尼因其很强的镇痛作用在临床实践中仍然作为气道高反应性患者麻醉诱导和麻醉维持的首选用药。

2.4“寂静肺”的治疗

如果患者临床表现与“寂静肺”极为相似,并快速排除回路阻塞、滑脱、插管过深、肺水肿、肺栓塞、气胸、严重过敏反应和误吸等因素后,应迅速给予积极、有效的治疗。包括:①立即增加吸入纯氧浓度,加大氧气流量,进行手动通气维持氧合,并且增加吸入七氟醚浓度至最大,和(或)输注丙泊酚增加麻醉深度。②应用β2受体激动剂,如经气管导管喷入沙丁胺醇气雾剂8~10揿至气管内以扩张支气管。③肾上腺素因具有β2受体激动作用,扩张支气管作用较强,并且其α受体作用可以改善黏膜水肿,是缓解“寂静肺”的首选药物,通常首次10~30μg静脉滴注,并根据患者“寂静肺”缓解的具体情况逐渐增加剂量,但由于肾上腺素的α受体作用,需要密切监测,防止心动过速以及高血压的发生。④氢化可的松和甲强龙具有抗炎、减轻气道水肿的作用,采用氢化可的松100mg或甲强龙80mg静脉滴注,均有利于更好地进行气道管理。

2.5“寂静肺”拔管过程注意事项

手术结束后,在深麻醉状态下拔管,可有效降低支气管痉挛及喉痉挛发生的风险。拔管前应当在深麻醉状态下充分吸痰、清理口咽腔分泌物。在拔管过程中,需要确保通气良好,警惕误吸发生。新斯的明作为肌肉松弛药拮抗剂可增加支气管分泌物,并且提高气道反应性,进而易引发支气管痉挛,故在使用新斯的明时需要谨慎。此外,拔管前经气管导管内喷射沙丁胺醇气雾剂以及静脉注射利多卡因也能有效降低气道反应性。

2.6“寂静肺”术后气道管理

对于“寂静肺”高风险患者或围手术期已发生“寂静肺”的患者,需要加强术后气道管理,尽可能避免对气道的不良刺激。包括调整患者枕头高度,预防胃食管反流;对有胃食管反流病的患者,视情况应用抑酸药;对于术后剧烈疼痛及紧张焦虑的患者,应及时给予对症支持治疗;对于哮喘患者,术后需及早恢复术前的规律治疗;并根据患者手术后具体情况,鼓励其及早进行肺功能锻炼及下地活动,促进肺功能恢复。

3.结语

总之,对于哮喘以及气道高反应患者,需要警惕围手术期支气管痉挛,甚至是“寂静肺”的发生。应做好充分的术前评估,并采用合适的麻醉药物及气道管理工具进行预防,一旦发生“寂静肺”,要迅速诊断,避免盲目拔管、再插管,并采取及时、有效的处理以保障患者围手术期的安全。

原始出处:

王倩钰,杨冬,郅娟, 等.全身麻醉气管插管后重度支气管痉挛"寂静肺"成功救治1例[J].国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2019,40(5):463-466.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921430, encodeId=758492143072, content=对于临床遇到寂静肺并发症很有帮助, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=59e65457043, createdName=ms4000001548147119, createdTime=Sat Jan 30 20:18:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892231, encodeId=99521892231d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b445e1232d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支气管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57123, encryptionId=1b445e1232d, topicName=支气管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Fri Feb 12 11:21:52 CST 2021, time=2021-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655580, encodeId=5cc216555805f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ddf5e15687' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支气管痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57156, encryptionId=8ddf5e15687, topicName=支气管痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=69d724737422, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 05:21:52 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311786, encodeId=eea71311e8646, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=624de11204a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#痉挛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71120, encryptionId=624de11204a, topicName=痉挛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7dc7399, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Sun May 17 06:21:52 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1429390, encodeId=23ef14293902c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96da4651926' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#寂静肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46519, encryptionId=96da4651926, topicName=寂静肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=60124182565, createdName=bbwuyu_004, createdTime=Sun May 17 06:21:52 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472380, encodeId=374114e238058, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ea863841a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气管插管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63841, encryptionId=4ea863841a9, topicName=气管插管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb5b7213173, createdName=yangfl08, createdTime=Sun May 17 06:21:52 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-30 ms4000001548147119

    对于临床遇到寂静肺并发症很有帮助

    0

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    2020-05-17 apoenzyme
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支气管痉挛典型病例,临床建议与思考

31岁女性因咯血拟全麻下行支气管镜肺活检术,术中出现支气管痉挛,经处理好转,插管时再发痉挛,经一系列操作后危机解除,转归良好,分析指出重在预防,要减少气道刺激。

一旦发生支气管痉挛,该怎么处理危机?

正确快速的诊断,明确诱因,消除刺激因素,若与药物有关应立即停用。

从支气管痉挛到寂静肺的发生机制

临床工作中,一旦患者呼吸出现问题,没有哪个医生能保持淡定。在时间与生命赛跑之际,我们必须要迅速搞清楚发生了什么?其中,最经常发生的就是从支气管,甚至寂静肺!

当患者严重缺氧无法通气,你考虑喉痉挛 or 支气管痉挛?

在这个病例中,老人可能并存了喉痉挛和支气管痉挛,诱导时使用琥珀胆碱可能掩盖了喉痉挛的症状,那么你认为该怎么确诊呢?

肝包虫外囊次全切除术中严重支气管痉挛一例

患者,女,52岁,50kg,因“肝包虫病”在全身麻醉下行“肝包虫外囊次全切除术”。反复右上腹胀痛1年,未诉胸闷、心悸、胸痛等。既往健康状况一般,分别于2

FDA批准了默克Proventil HFA(硫酸沙丁胺醇)气雾剂的仿制药,用于儿童支气管痉挛

专员Stephen Hahn表示,FDA"认识到在新型冠状病毒大流行期间对沙丁胺醇产品的需求增加"。

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