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蝙蝠的“卫星导航”神经元或助力阿尔兹海默病疗法的研究

2017-01-23 佚名 生物谷

Haim Ziv 近期,研究人员发现,蝙蝠大脑中有着能够追踪与目标靶点角度及距离的脑细胞,这种神经元细胞名为“载体细胞”,其是哺乳动物大脑复杂导航系统中的关键部分,同时也是神经科学家们多年来一直寻找的关键脑细胞。 我们的导航系统结构中有着多种类型的细胞,但其中很多类型的细胞都能够记录机体所处的位置,比如研究者所熟知的“定位细胞”(vector cells),当动物处于特定的位点

Haim Ziv

近期,研究人员发现,蝙蝠大脑中有着能够追踪与目标靶点角度及距离的脑细胞,这种神经元细胞名为“载体细胞”,其是哺乳动物大脑复杂导航系统中的关键部分,同时也是神经科学家们多年来一直寻找的关键脑细胞。

我们的导航系统结构中有着多种类型的细胞,但其中很多类型的细胞都能够记录机体所处的位置,比如研究者所熟知的“定位细胞”(vector cells),当动物处于特定的位点时这种细胞就会被激活,而且头部方向细胞(head direction cells )也会对头部所面对方向的改变产生反应,同样地,蝙蝠也有这一类“神经罗盘”(neuronal compass),其能够帮助蝙蝠在飞行过程中进行定位。

相比较而言,定位细胞能够帮助蝙蝠记录或追踪将要去的地方,其位于大脑的海马体中,此前研究人员就在海马体中发现了定位细胞和头部方向细胞。来自Weizmann科学研究所的研究人员Nachum Ulanovsky表示,这一研究领域是科学家们近年来一直研究的重点,而如今他们发现了这种新型的定位细胞,这对于后期进行更为深入的研究非常重要且关键。

360度的方法

Nachum Ulanovsky说道,大多数的导航研究都是在大鼠中进行的,当大鼠在房间中心进行目标导航时并没有会对其大脑实时变化进行监测,但在研究中我们开发出了一种技术,其能够帮助我们对埃及果蝠(Rousettus aegyptiacus)大脑中的导航系统进行研究,埃及果蝠大脑足够大以至于其能够携带大量的实验性装置。

研究人员将无线设备安装到三只蝙蝠的头盖骨中来追踪其飞行轨迹,并且通过在其海马体中内置的电极来收集相关数据,随后研究人员将蝙蝠放到室内,室内有着放置香蕉的栖木,香蕉是果蝠最喜欢的食物;当将蝙蝠放在小龙子中时,在其面向食物之前蝙蝠会不断地在笼中“翻筋斗”,然而在房间中央寻找到目标后,其飞行轨迹会覆盖360度,而这就是定位细胞帮了蝙蝠的忙,这也就表明,不管是什么样的定位方法,相同的神经元都会被激活并产生效应。

Jasiek Krzysztofiak/Nature

隐藏的目标

在一项实验中,研究人员对3只蝙蝠大脑中的309个神经元进行监测,大约有三分之一的神经元都是简单的定位细胞,当蝙蝠飞过一个特殊的位点时这种定位细胞就会激活,但其中有58个神经元细胞用来负责目的地的角度方向的定位,当蝙蝠直接面对目标时,大部分的定位细胞都能够以高比率激活,而其他神经元则会在蝙蝠长距离的飞行过程中帮助调节其目标方向,49个神经元都能够对目标距离产生反应,而且当蝙蝠距离两米之内时大部分神经元都会以高比率激活,而24个神经元细胞被用来调节目标的飞行角度和距离。

在野外环境下,蝙蝠非常喜欢的水果树经常会隐藏在其它树木后面或者山林深处,因此蝙蝠(其定位细胞)就需要记住目标的位置。为了模拟蝙蝠寻找目标的情节,研究人员将水果隐藏在靠墙的地方,同时从地面到天花板上装上窗帘,窗帘是不透明的而且对回声定位法能够屏蔽,也不能够让气味穿过窗帘,但蝙蝠能够飞过窗帘,当蝙蝠位于窗帘另一侧时,其就看不到香蕉了,同时蝙蝠的定位细胞还能够维持对记忆目标的调节。研究者Ulanovsky表示,大脑中的定位细胞的确是基于记忆力的,而不是基于感觉的。

对研究阿尔兹海默病的意义?

来自挪威科技大学卡夫利科系统神经科学研究所(Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience)的研究者Edvard Moser表示,这项研究让我们开始重新思考大脑导航系统作为一个整体的工作机理;如今研究人员希望在大鼠大脑中找到相同类型的细胞,相关研究发现也给研究者们提出了一些问题,比如大鼠的导航通路如何工作的,当然如果没有其它特殊细胞时大脑还有其它方式来计算目标轨迹。

来自波士顿大学的认知神经科学家Howard Eichenbaum表示,这是一项有趣的发现,1987年,我们在大鼠大脑中鉴别出了一种细胞,当大鼠接近目标物时这种细胞就会被激活表达;在他看来,这种与海马体的关联就表明,大脑中的导航系统或许仅仅就是一种真正复杂的记忆任务,研究者指出,这或许就是为何阿尔兹海默病患者会在迷路的同时也会失去他们的记忆。

参考资料:

【1】Vectorial representation of spatial goals in the hippocampus of bats

Science    DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9589

【2】Biochemical studies of tast sensation. Binding of L-[3H]alanine to a sedimentable fraction from catfish barbel epithelium.

J Biol Chem    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/403?dopt=Abstract&holding=npg

【3】Nobel prize for decoding brain’s sense of place

【4】'Bat-nav' system enables three-dimensional manoeuvres

【5】Sat-nav neurons tell bats where to go

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    2017-05-09 laymankey

    感谢分享一下!

    0

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    2017-01-26 ylzr123

    这或许就是为何阿尔兹海默病患者会在迷路的同时也会失去他们的记忆。

    0

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    2017-01-23 1e15b6fem30(暂无匿称)

    很好的学习资料

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195905, encodeId=736919590568, content=感谢分享一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=20971999626, createdName=laymankey, createdTime=Tue May 09 20:53:48 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172680, encodeId=5bd91e2680ae, content=这或许就是为何阿尔兹海默病患者会在迷路的同时也会失去他们的记忆。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Thu Jan 26 10:40:59 CST 2017, time=2017-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1402708, encodeId=b9d31402e0881, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60ca9e761ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔兹海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97761, encryptionId=60ca9e761ce, topicName=阿尔兹海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=be952422716, createdName=habb, createdTime=Wed Jan 25 03:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172234, encodeId=b4761e22346d, content=很好的学习资料, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161026/IMG58107C0F82E499574.jpg, createdBy=00e81970035, createdName=1e15b6fem30(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 23 22:51:44 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172204, encodeId=dfcf1e22047c, content=感谢分享!已学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 20:10:37 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172170, encodeId=326c1e21708e, content=蝙蝠大脑中有着能够追踪与目标靶点角度及距离的脑细胞,这种神经元细胞名为“载体细胞”,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 15:19:22 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-23 xyfg98

    感谢分享!已学习

    0

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    2017-01-23 三生有幸9135

    蝙蝠大脑中有着能够追踪与目标靶点角度及距离的脑细胞,这种神经元细胞名为“载体细胞”,

    0

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