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Nat Cell Biol:增加脂肪细胞竟能抗癌!

2017-11-09 佚名 MedSci原创

近日,来自加拿大 McMaster 大学干细胞与癌症研究所 Mickie Bhatia 教授所领导的研究团队发现,红骨髓(具有造血功能的骨髓,后面简称骨髓,虽然人体内也有富含脂肪细胞的黄骨髓,但是这里面的脂肪细胞不乐意帮红骨髓)中的脂肪细胞是人类骨髓中健康血细胞发育成熟所必须的。急性髓性白血病引发的机体造血功能障碍,就是通过抑制骨髓脂肪细胞生成实现的。

近日,来自加拿大 McMaster 大学干细胞与癌症研究所 Mickie Bhatia 教授所领导的研究团队发现,红骨髓(具有造血功能的骨髓,后面简称骨髓,虽然人体内也有富含脂肪细胞的黄骨髓,但是这里面的脂肪细胞不乐意帮红骨髓)中的脂肪细胞是人类骨髓中健康血细胞发育成熟所必须的。急性髓性白血病引发的机体造血功能障碍,就是通过抑制骨髓脂肪细胞生成实现的。

同时,Bhatia 教授还筛选除了一种促进骨髓脂肪细胞生成的药物,可以显着增加白血病小鼠骨髓中脂肪细胞的数量,使其骨髓造血功能增强 40%,同时还能显着抑制癌细胞的生长。这一发现发表在《自然细胞生物学》杂志上。

说到这一研究,我们首先需要简单了解一下急性髓性白血病(AML)。这是一种由骨髓中的造血祖细胞大量异常增殖引起的恶性肿瘤。其特点是骨髓内异常增殖的癌细胞,抑制了正常血细胞的成熟,例如白细胞,血小板以及红细胞的成熟。所以,AML 患者往往容易出现免疫力下降,凝血功能障碍以及贫血等症状。同时,这也是 AML 患者的主要死因。

因此,对 AML 患者的治疗往往也是分两步进行。首先是使用传统的化疗,杀死患者体内的癌细胞。而一旦化疗成功了,接下来的主要任务就是增强患者的造血功能,防止骨髓重新转化为疾病状态。

然而,目前临床上对 AML 的标准治疗方案中,只有骨髓移植(又称干细胞移植)可以实现这一目标。但是大家也都知道,骨髓移植除了需要昂贵的手术费用外,还需要找到合适的骨髓捐献者,这无疑是难上加难。此外,常用于辅助化疗的促红细胞生成素,由于存在较大的副作用,因此部分患者并不能使用。所以,开发简单可行的增强 AML 患者骨髓造血功能的治疗方案显得尤为必要。

为此,科学家们首先需要解决的一个问题就是,AML 患者骨髓的造血功能是如何被癌细胞抑制的。

此前的研究发现,骨髓的造血功能十分依赖正常的骨髓微环境,而癌细胞往往可以通过改造 AML 患者的骨髓微环境,使之更适合癌细胞生长,而不适合正常的血细胞发育。但是癌细胞具体是如何改造骨髓微环境的,人们一直没有弄清楚。

Bhatia 教授长期致力于 AML 的研究,并且在过去的近 4 年的时间里,从渥太华医院收集了大量的 AML 患者以及健康人的骨髓样本。在对这些样本进行分析的过程中,Bhatia 教授发现,AML 患者与健康人的骨髓微环境最大的区别在于骨髓中的脂肪组织具有显着差异。表现为,正常人体红骨髓中存在着大量的脂肪细胞,而 AML 患者红骨髓中却几乎没有脂肪细胞。

随后,通过将癌细胞或者正常的造血干细胞与间质干细胞(骨髓中的脂肪细胞是由间质干细胞分化而来)一起培养,Bhatia 教授惊奇的发现,与正常造血干细胞一起培养的间质干细胞可以成功的分化为脂肪细胞,而与癌细胞一起培养的间质干细胞不能发育成脂肪细胞。

同时,通过转录组分析,Bhatia 教授也发现,与癌细胞一起培养的间质干细胞体内介导间质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化的通路被显着抑制。也就是说,AML 患者骨髓中的癌细胞可以分泌一些物质作用于间质干细胞,抑制间质干细胞向脂肪细胞的分化。那么癌细胞为什么要这么做呢?

这就涉及到骨髓中脂肪细胞的功能了。在进一步的小鼠实验中,Bhatia 教授发现,原来骨髓组织中的脂肪细胞对于骨髓中血细胞的成熟是至关重要地。表现为,相比与间质干细胞,脂肪细胞的存在可以显着促进骨髓造血细胞的成熟。同时脂肪细胞的存在还能抑制癌细胞的增殖。不过遗憾地是,Bhatia 教授并没有发现其中的具体机制。

既然脂肪细胞可以促进骨髓的造血功能同时抑制癌细胞的增殖,而 AML 患者的骨髓脂肪细胞恰恰显着下降。那么通过促进脂肪细胞的生成或许可以治疗 AML。

为此,Bhatia 教授从目前已知的促进脂肪细胞生成的药物中筛选出了一种效果最好的药物,GW1929(PPARγ类降糖药),这是一种临床上用于中度糖尿病治疗的药物。通过对 AML 小鼠模型进行实验,Bhatia 教授发现,相比与安慰剂,GW1929 可以使 AML 小鼠骨髓组织中脂肪细胞的含量提高 50 倍,同时使 AML 小鼠成熟血细胞的数量增加近 40%,而使小鼠骨髓内癌细胞的数量降低了 50%。

介于 GW1929 的良好效果,Bhatia 教授认为,“通过促进骨髓脂肪细胞的生成将成为一种全新的治疗方法,既可以加入目前以化疗为主的标准治疗中,在不久的将来或许也可以替代其他药物,帮助需要骨髓移植的患者产生健康的血细胞”。由于 GW1929 已在临床上使用,相信 GW1929 很快就会被批准用于白血病,为需要骨髓移植的患者带来希望。

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    2018-09-23 维他命
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    2018-08-25 一叶知秋
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    2018-03-21 sunylz
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