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复旦大学附属儿科医院院长黄国英:当儿科医生遇上精准医疗

2017-05-26 佚名 基因慧

复旦大学附属儿科医院院长黄国英认为,医生从患者的基因水平进行分析,施以个体化用药和预后管理,将是精准医学的未来。

随着精准医疗的发展和重视程度越来越高,以基因测序为技术手段的儿科应用越来越广泛,首先受惠的还是新生儿筛查和单基因遗传病的预防诊断。复旦大学附属儿科医院医院作为全国科学重点学科、国家“211程”和“985”工程建设单位,何以获得如此成果?在行医过程中秉承的基本原则是什么?有哪些经验可以分享?对待精准医疗又有何看法呢?敬请阅读下文中基因慧对黄院长的采访,希望能解您些许疑惑。

30余年儿科行医之路

基因慧:黄教授,您从福建到上海,并先后赴香港、美国进修,作为复旦大学附属儿科医院院长,同时也是先天性心脏病方面的专家,曾以先心病简易筛查法开创了我国儿科学界研究发表在《柳叶刀》(TheLancet)上的先河。您能讲讲您的经历吗?如何进入医学、儿科行业、并坚守了30余年?

黄国英:1979年,中国恢复高考后首次全国统一试卷考试,竞争相当激烈。在母亲坚持和老师建议下,放弃了被南昌军校录取的机会,选择福建省医科大学医学系,因成绩较好,毕业后留在附属第二医院儿科工作。1986年,考入上海医科大学临床医学小儿心脏病学专业,师从我国著名小儿心脏病学专家宁寿葆教授,硕博连读5年。毕业后,留在附属儿科医院工作,并先后赴香港威尔士亲王医院美国费城儿童医院进修和从事博士后研究。

人们都说,儿科是哑科,儿科医生不好当。“选择儿科意味着选择了奉献和挑战。”正是出于这份责任,我将自己的研究方向定位为专攻小儿心血管疾病,特别是先天性心脏病无创伤性诊断、病因和干预策略,以及川崎病冠状动脉病变的诊治和研究,从而探索出更多挽救生命的方法。



(2014年,复旦大学儿科医疗联合体正式成立)

儿科医生首先面对的是孩子而不是患儿

基因慧:儿科面对是孩子,相比成人有其独特地方,在复旦大学附属儿科医院里有“一切为了孩子”几个大字,面对基因慧读者中现在以及将来孩子的父母,您作为儿科专家,期待广大家长们如何和儿科医生共同理解、面对儿科疾病呢?

黄国英:儿科医生要面对的不仅是一名患儿,更是一个孩子,因此儿科医生需要强大的耐心和爱心。此外,儿科医生还需具备观察能力、沟通能力和动态的判断能力。患儿年龄小,不太会用语言表述,需要通过医生观察才能查明病情。现在家长对孩子的关注程度高,医院里的大人比儿童多。因此,医生还要学会同家长打交道。

儿科有一个很大的特点就是孩子的行为与成人明显不同,而且孩子处于生长发育过程。因此,儿科医生在看诊时,一定要有动态的判断能力。“儿童需要经历新生儿期、婴儿期、幼儿期、学龄前期、学龄期、青春期,与成人不同,患儿的病情发展很快,因此医生要预估。”举例说,同样患肺炎,20天的新生儿和8岁的患儿,医生所采取的治疗方案和管理方案都不一样。

需要强调的是,一个优秀的儿科医生,不仅要能够解决一部分患儿的疾病问题,同时也要能带出一支优秀的队伍,将自身所学传播出去,引领行业。



(复旦大学附属儿科医院)

精准医疗的应用场景分析和展望

基因慧:按照5.6%出生缺陷率,去年我国出生缺陷儿高达100万人。当前精准医学纳入“十三五”计划,基因检测技术广泛应用于罕见病/遗传病诊疗,作为上海市出生缺陷防治重点实验室主任,您认为基因检测技术从哪些点上可以切实落地,来助力出生缺陷防控呢?

黄国英:和借助X线、CT、B超等影像学技术来帮助医生进行疾病诊断一样,未来的医学将会把基因测序结果作为临床诊疗的依据。医生将从患者的基因水平进行分析,施以个体化用药和预后管理,这是精准医学的未来。

以肺炎为例,传统诊断肺炎的模式是望触扣听,这无疑会漏掉许多并发症。之后随着影像学的出现,X线、CT、病原学检测等技术极大的提高了诊断的准确度,但依然会遇到一些无法解释的问题。例如,为什么同样环境下有些人患肺炎而有些人不患?为什么有的人患了肺炎后会有并发症而有的人没有?为什么有的肺炎患者对药物敏感而有的不敏感?归根到底,这些就是个体的差异。未来医生的临床诊疗习惯可能会发生改变:患者就诊后,医生会为患者测序基因组,根据患者的基因分析患此病的原因是哪个基因片段的哪个点出现了问题,预测他容易出现哪些并发症,分析他对哪些药物不敏感,从而进行针对性的治疗。



(黄国英教授课题组发现先心病简易筛查法)

高通量测序恰好迎合了这种需求。高通量测序能在很短时间内就分析出一个人整个基因组内所有的突变和结构变异,配合其他细胞学、遗传学的检测结果,解读出病患的临床表型和多基因变异以及不同变异组合之间的联系,从而达到提高诊断精确性、治疗针对性的目的,同时也能通过整个基因组数据的关联分析,挖掘更多潜在的疾病相关的遗传信息和变异,为遗传疾病的研究开拓了更多更广阔的道路。



(2015年,复旦儿科成立儿科遗传病联合实验室)

中美《遗传学诊断新方法新进展研讨会》

基因慧:5月17日,复旦大学附属儿科医院主办《遗传学诊断新方法新进展研讨会》,特邀中美遗传学家,包括美国杜克大学、贝勒医学院的遗传大师和专家,为同行提供了免费的前沿技术分享和宝贵的经验交流机会,请您简要介绍这次研讨会的初衷、特色和愿景,以及未来是否有计划开展类似的中美交流活动呢?

黄国英:目前,在全世界范围内,临床医学对遗传病的诊疗要求已提高到细胞与分子水平。儿童遗传病种类繁多且涉及人体各个系统,已经成为影响人口素质和群体健康水平的重要卫生问题。近年来,迅速发展的全基因组技术,包括序列分析和拷贝数变异分析等都为遗传病的诊断带来革命性的改变。

我院于2011年组建分子基因诊断实验室,目前拥有一支由医师、技术员、研发人员和临床多学科专家组成的团队,近年来已经逐步研发并推动一些中国儿童高发且危害大的遗传疾病的分子诊断项目,包括原发性免疫缺陷、遗传代谢病、糖原累积症、胆汁淤积性肝病等200多种疑难疾病。2014年复旦大学附属儿科医院成为国家首批运用高通量测序技术开展遗传病诊断的试点单位,在儿童遗传病基因检测领域居领先地位。

然而,我国现有遗传性疾病的咨询、诊断及治疗没有形成一个体系。因此,我们需要学习国际先进经验,希望通过这次研讨会,更好地聚焦儿童遗传性疾病和遗传相关性疾病,打破传统临床遗传科的边界与局限,汇聚我院儿科研究所的精良研究设施、高水平的研究人员和实力雄厚的儿科临床专家团队,推进形成从儿科遗传病的基础研究、分子基因诊断技术研发和临床应用的“全链条式”的多学科整合模式,实现医院各专科遗传咨询与干预措施的规范化和精准化。相信这次研讨会将促进我院在临床遗传疾病的病因研究、分子基因诊断、临床干预治疗和三级预防等方面取得更大进步,为降低我国的出生缺陷率、提高人口素质做出新的贡献!



(2016年,复旦儿科成立全国首家、全球第二家 “诊断不明疾病诊治中心UDP)

复旦大学附属儿科医院的发展理念

基因慧:复旦大学附属儿科医院作为是全国儿科学重点学科、国家“211工程”和“985”工程建设单位,连续多年蝉联小儿内科全国排名第一。同时,与时俱进,牵头成立了复旦大学儿科医疗联合体,开办了中国首家儿科UDP(诊断不明疾病诊中心)、与明码生物科技儿科遗传病联合实验室,尤其可喜的的是,今年又被批准成为国家儿童医学中心。作为复旦大学附属儿科医院院长,您认为在医改背景下,儿科医院应该如何保持优质品牌,更好服务于人民呢?

黄国英:今年1月,我院正式获批成为国家儿童医学中心主体依托单位之一,这标志着我院的发展建设将进入一个崭新的发展时期。新的征程,任重道远。我们将实行“医疗、教学、科研、预防和管理”五位一体的发展策略,致力于儿科疑难危重症的诊断与治疗、高层次儿科医学人才培养、儿科临床研究的转化,并在政府的指导下,和兄弟单位一起做好儿童主要疾病登记、相关流行病学和公共卫生信息监测等工作。我们将和全国儿科同仁们一起,为不断提升我国儿童医疗及预防保健服务水平而不懈努力,做出应有的贡献。



(黄国英教授出席美国新生儿健康创新论坛获“全球创新奖”)

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    2017-07-07 xuyu
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    2017-05-27 saikp
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    2017-05-26 明天会更好!

    文章很好,拜读了

    0

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    2017-05-26 jaysppr

    感谢分享!!!!!

    0

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    2017-05-26 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,拜读了

    0

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