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ISH2018丨陈鲁原教授:诊室外血压测量如何指导降压治疗

2018-09-21 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

近年来,各大指南非常重视动态血压监测(ABPM)等诊室外血压测量对高血压管理的重要性。在ISH 2018年会上,广东省人民医院陈鲁原教授就诊室外血压测量对降压治疗的指导价值发表专题讲座,强调“高血压管理必须从正确测量血压开始、重视诊室外血压测量、诊室外血压指导降压治疗策略值得深入探讨”。广东省人民医院 陈鲁原教授诊室外血压测量的重要性美国2017高血压指南推荐诊室外血压测量用于确认高血压诊断和降压

近年来,各大指南非常重视动态血压监测(ABPM)等诊室外血压测量对高血压管理的重要性。在ISH 2018年会上,广东省人民医院陈鲁原教授就诊室外血压测量对降压治疗的指导价值发表专题讲座,强调“高血压管理必须从正确测量血压开始、重视诊室外血压测量、诊室外血压指导降压治疗策略值得深入探讨”。



广东省人民医院 陈鲁原教授

诊室外血压测量的重要性

美国2017高血压指南推荐诊室外血压测量用于确认高血压诊断和降压药物滴定,并与远程医疗咨询或干预相结合。具体来说,诊室血压测量诊断的高血压需经诊室外血压进行确认。此外,应用降压药物期间,药物的滴定及调整也不是依靠诊室血压读数而是需根据治疗方案改变前和就诊前一周内诊室外血压的平均水平进行。欧洲高血压指南则将诊室外血压测量列入高血压的诊断流程中,有助于医生及时发现白大衣高血压、隐匿性高血压以及更好地评价降压疗效及鉴别可能的不良反应。

诊室外血压测量用于高血压诊治的现状及问题

目前,一方面诊室外血压测量用于高血压的分级仍存在争议;另一方面诊室外血压测量用于降压达标和疗效的评估仍有相当一段距离,因为,不同指南对降压治疗时诊室外血压的控制目标值仍存争议。此外,当前指南中推荐的诊室血压监测的血压靶标值与ABPM相对应的目标值尚无广泛共识。另外,ABPM的推广可能使高血压的诊疗费用变得昂贵,使临床观察更为复杂。若能在该领域里深入开展研究,将对降压达标的内涵和延伸具有非常重要的实践意义。

ABPM的适宜人群、指征及其指导降压治疗的意义

哪些人群需复查ABPM?实际上,无靶器官受累证据的轻度高血压患者不一定复查ABPM;有靶器官损害证据的重度高血压患者则宜适当复查ABPM。此外,对降低血压的要求很迫切的患者、起始药物联合治疗后及联合降压方案更改(包括剂量调整)后需观察者,为确定降压是否充分,宜在3~6周内复查ABPM。若ABPM已证实患者血压得到控制,则以后仅需每6个月或每年复查一次即可。

ABPM指导降压治疗的意义在于,对经合理充分的降压治疗血压仍未达标者有助于排除白大衣效应;对经合理充分降压治疗靶器官损害仍未明显改善者有助于排除隐蔽性高血压。此外,ABPM指导降压治疗还有助于评估降压药物的24小时疗效,了解清晨或夜间血压控制情况,监测24小时内的血压过度降低现象以及治疗血压变异性增加。

家庭血压监测(HBPM)指导降压治疗的推荐

2018年亚洲家庭血压监测专家共识强调,虽然,高血压的诊断和治疗仍应以常规诊室血压测量为指导,但鼓励将HBPM纳入当地临床指南中,并提供实用的建议。共识认为,当诊室血压与家庭血压不一致时,推荐优先采用家庭血压进行诊断;若有条件,建议采用ABPM进行确认。此外,共识认为,与诊室血压相比,HBPM有助于结合患者的主观能动性改善依从性从而改善血压控制。

另外,共识推荐在随访和调整治疗后每天进行两次家庭血压测量,每次测量应至少有两次读数(每次间隔1分钟),最少持续3天(最好7天)。共识强调,基于HBPM的抗高血压治疗策略,其目标家庭监测血压水平应<135/85 mm Hg(I类推荐,B级证据);对高危亚洲高血压患者(特别是糖尿病或慢性肾脏疾病患者),则应严格执行家庭收缩压<125 mm Hg的抗高血压治疗目标。

临床实践中应选择哪种血压测量指导降压治疗?

相关研究发现,与基于OBPM的降压治疗策略相比,基于HBPM的抗高血压药物治疗策略治疗强度降低,成本更低,但会因缺少监督而出现更多停止治疗的现象。西班牙高血压学会动态血压登记研究显示,单纯采用诊室血压管理高血压患者可能低估高血压控制情况,造成大量医疗资源浪费,也不利于患者健康,而采用ABPM则有助于显著增加高血压控制比例。广东省对17家二三级甲等医院1312例门诊高血压患者的研究发现,单纯采用OBPM一部分患者的血压难以实现真正控制,另一部分患者则接受过度降压治疗,HBPM的应用尤其重要意义。与未行HBPM者相比,HBPM患者的诊室血压达标率更高。

临床实践中,我们选择指导降压治疗策略的血压测量方法时应看哪种方法更有助于提高治疗依从性、能更显著降低血压、能实现降压达标和预后改善,根据患者的实际情况进行适当选择。

结语

高血压的管理必须从正确测量血压、客观了解血压开始,需重视诊室外血压测量。当然,诊室外血压指导降压治疗的策略仍值得深入探讨。

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    2018-10-16 zwjnj2

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