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CJASN:新型急性肾损伤标志物

2015-01-28 李江 丁香园

急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种与众多不良预后相关的临床疾病。及早诊断和及早治疗可以极大改善患者的预后,这是寻找AKI标志物的首要动力。但是除此之外,AKI标志物还可以揭示这种复杂且异质性疾病的分子机制,并且可以作为分子表型工具直接用于AKI的临床干预。 AKI不是一个单一的疾病,而是一个临床综合症,是无数肾脏损伤的结果、由多因素构成。因此,使用单一AKI标志物获得极好的诊断效能似乎是不可能的

急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种与众多不良预后相关的临床疾病。及早诊断和及早治疗可以极大改善患者的预后,这是寻找AKI标志物的首要动力。但是除此之外,AKI标志物还可以揭示这种复杂且异质性疾病的分子机制,并且可以作为分子表型工具直接用于AKI的临床干预。

AKI不是一个单一的疾病,而是一个临床综合症,是无数肾脏损伤的结果、由多因素构成。因此,使用单一AKI标志物获得极好的诊断效能似乎是不可能的。

南卡罗来纳医学院肾内科的Alge教授和Arthur教授结合目前AKI标志物的最新进展,阐述了新型AKI标志物的相关机制、标志物介导的治疗及预后特性,该综述近期发表在CJASN杂志上。

新型AKI标志物

1. 中性粒细胞明胶酶脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)

尿液和血浆NGAL可以用来预测AKI的发生和发展。

NGAL是脂质运载蛋白家族中一个广泛表达的蛋白质,大小为25KD。在缺血性或肾毒性损伤后,肾内NAGL水平在转录和蛋白质水平上显著上升。

AKI后血浆NGAL浓度增加,NGAL通过肾小球滤过,在近端小管重吸收。损伤3小时后尿液中就可以检测到升高的NGAL、6小时后尿液NGAL达到峰值,有证据显示肾损伤后其浓度升高可以持续5天。

2. 肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)

KIM-1是一个分子量38.7kD的跨膜蛋白,包括细胞外粘蛋白和免疫球蛋白域。正常肾脏的基础表达水平较低,局部缺血再灌注损伤后水平升高。

KIM-1蛋白定位于AKI损伤48小时后的近端小管中的增殖分化上皮细胞。

3. 白介素-18(IL-18)

IL-18是一种分子量为22kD的促炎细胞因子,肾脏局部缺血再灌注损伤、甘油注射及铂介导的肾损伤后大量升高。

IL-18是一项在生物标志物介导治疗方面备受瞩目的指标,因为其在AKI发展阶段的炎症过程中可能扮演重要作用。

4. 肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)

L-FABP表达于肾脏皮质,分子量为14kD,主要存在于近端小管,具有抗氧化效能是一种肾脏保护性蛋白。

心脏手术患者术后尿液L-FABP立刻升高,其可能发展为AKI,在6小时内达到峰值。

5. 血管紧张素原

心脏手术后的AKI患者和非手术原因的AKI患者,尿液中血管紧张素原的升高与AKI的进展及不良预后有关,如住院时间延长、需要肾脏替代治疗(RRT)和死亡。

6. 组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)

TIMP-2是一种新型的AKI标志物,最近几个研究证明了其在AKI不同临床阶段的作用,但其在AKI中的作用较复杂。

7. 胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白7(IGFBP7)

IGFBP7,一个广泛分布、分子量为29kD的蛋白质,开始被认为是肿瘤抑制因子和细胞衰老调节器。和TIMP-2一样,IGFBP7在最近的研究中才被发现是AKI标志物。

新型标志物与AKI发生发展的关系

这些新型AKI标志物存在于AKI的各临床阶段,反映了AKI发生发展过程中的分子和细胞事件。

11.jpg

AKI发生发展过程中,各标志物浓度随时间的变化如图1:

图1. 肾损伤后AKI标志物浓度随时间的变化

各肾脏标志物在不同阶段AKI乃至CKD中的角色见图2:

11.jpg

图2. 肾脏标志物集成模型

此模型将AKI的临床阶段分为起始、发展、修复和慢性肾损伤四个阶段,详细发生发展过程为:

1. 在起始阶段,GFR急速降低;

2. 在发展阶段,GFR继续下降,AKI由温和向凶险发展,IL-18在发展阶段达到高峰;

3. 血管紧张素原在发展阶段升高,并促使慢性肾损伤的发生;

4. 与IL-18和血管紧张素原相反,NGAL和L-FABP具有肾脏保护作用;

5. TIMP-2和IGFBP7是最近发现的AKI早期标志物,也被发现具有肾脏保护作用;

6. 修复阶段包括正常细胞和生理功能的重建,这个阶段要在初始的损伤2-3天后才开始,持续一周以上。持续升高的NGAL和L-FABP可能与修复有关;

7. 尿液KIM-1浓度在损伤后48小时达峰值,也是一种预修复性标志物;

8. 血管紧张素原已经被认为是CKD过程的标志物,尿液血管紧张素原被认为可以反映肾内RAS活性,是CKD的一个促进因子,AKI期间尿液血管紧张素原升高可能促进CKD发生;

9. 同样,AKI后期KIM-1和NGAL表达依然升高,表明肾脏损伤在继续,并向慢性肾脏疾病转化。

从急性到慢性肾损伤过程中,这些新型AKI标志物都扮演着重要角色,综合分析可能给AKI的早期诊断和治疗带来希望。

原始出处:

Alge JL1, Arthur JM2.Biomarkers of AKI: A Review of Mechanistic Relevance and Potential Therapeutic Implications.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Jan 7;10(1):147-155. Epub 2014 Aug 4.

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    2015-07-21 chenhongpeng
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    2015-10-24 ay2000fy
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    2015-07-29 sundong

    希望能降低ngal的费用

    0

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    2015-04-11 x35042875

    轻度肾脏疾病对母亲和婴儿可能会增加孕期风险

    0

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    2015-01-28 223.104.5.**

    还要看特异性

    0

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    2015-01-28 223.104.5.**

    早知道了

    0

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