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重要进展:恢复老年性痴呆患者的记忆力

2016-03-18 孙学军 科学网

最新一项动物实验结果提示,老年性痴呆患者所以会忘记人脸和容易迷路,是因为痴呆患者大脑无法将记忆储存到合适的部位。最新研究今天发表在《自然》杂志。最新研究颠覆了老年性痴呆患者大脑不能产生新记忆的观点,提示采用刺激大脑的方法能提供提高老年性痴呆早期患者的记忆力。最新研究是MIT神经科学家Susumu Tonegawa小组完成的,去年该小组研究发现某些某些类型的遗忘,这种遗忘能记忆,但记忆无法被提取出来

最新一项动物实验结果提示,老年性痴呆患者所以会忘记人脸和容易迷路,是因为痴呆患者大脑无法将记忆储存到合适的部位。最新研究今天发表在《自然》杂志。最新研究颠覆了老年性痴呆患者大脑不能产生新记忆的观点,提示采用刺激大脑的方法能提供提高老年性痴呆早期患者的记忆力。

最新研究是MIT神经科学家Susumu Tonegawa小组完成的,去年该小组研究发现某些某些类型的遗忘,这种遗忘能记忆,但记忆无法被提取出来。但区分人类的记忆和提取记忆非常困难,因为检验记忆的唯一方法是询问患者回忆某种信息。不过科学家可以操作小鼠的记忆,如Tonegawa等用两种老年性痴呆相关基因突变小鼠进行这种研究。

这些小鼠大脑内会出现淀粉样蛋白沉积形成斑块,最终表现出记忆丢失,这种病理生理过程和人类老年性痴呆类似。然后将这些动物放在一个盒子内进行电极来分析记忆丢失的程度。正常动物对这些盒子非常恐惧,但是这些基因缺陷动物不怕,因为它们忘记曾经在这里被电极。

海马是编码短期记忆的脑区,利用光遗传学技术,研究人员可以用光刺激这些小鼠的海马神经元。将这些动物放在电极盒内,电极的同时用光刺激动物海马神经元,强迫这些神经元放电。这种光刺激让这些动物回忆其被电极的记忆,这些动物表现出僵硬,提示它们回忆到被点击的经历,这些动物恢复了记忆,说明负责记忆形成的海马能编码记忆。但是次日这些动物仍然会忘记这种经历。

如果用光反复刺激海马神经元,模拟记忆形成的自然过程,这种刺激能强化海马和嗅皮层的联系,这种联系是形成长期记忆的基础。即使停止光照刺激神经元,动物仍然惧怕盒子。这说明可以利用这种方法,让这些痴呆动物重新形成长期记忆。

取出动物大脑后,研究人员发现在海马和嗅皮层之间形成了新的神经联系,而这种联系在老年性痴呆进展过程无法形成。但是科学家认为,这种技术只能在痴呆发展早期有价值,人类大约只能有2-3年的有效期。一旦在后期脑结构被破坏,这种刺激也就失去意义。这一发现也符合人类的一些表现,海马是最容易受到损伤的大脑部位,老年性痴呆也最容易损伤海马。这也是为什么痴呆患者最早表现为无法形成新记忆的原因。当疾病恶化后,更多大脑区域受到损伤,导致患者逐渐失去长期记忆。

加州大学洛杉矶分校神经外科医生Itzhak Fried认为,这个研究非常漂亮。但是他担心这个发现不可能转化到人类大脑,因为小鼠形成淀粉样斑块的方式与人类不同。这种记忆形成和提取的假说也不可能用人体进行验证,因为现在科学家不掌握如何用光线刺激人类大脑的技术。哥伦比亚大学神经生物学家Christine Denny说,可以用电刺激代替光刺激进行人体实验,早期临床试验提示,电刺激人类海马确实能促进神经元再生,改善部分老年性痴呆患者的记忆力。但是不知道这种方法发挥作用的具体原理。

Tonegawa的发现会让将来的电刺激更有针对性,例如对记忆形成的路径更明确,可以对更多部位进行刺激。许多小组如Fried给癫痫患者大脑嗅皮层植入可以精细调整的微刺激装置,希望借助这种方法恢复脑损伤后记忆能力的丧失。Fried说不久将用微电极刺激老年性痴呆患者,不过他知道这之前应该进行更多动物实验。不过他们对利用这种大脑刺激方法改善痴呆患者记忆力有很大期望。

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    2016-03-20 Dr.LV

    希望进步了!

    0

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    2016-03-19 moonlight1

    老年痴呆一直是个要攻克的难点,光遗传能解释吗。期待中......

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2009072, encodeId=44f420090e261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ed8e121172' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#痴呆患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71211, encryptionId=3ed8e121172, topicName=痴呆患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4aa106, createdName=crystal0562, createdTime=Sat May 28 02:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026366, encodeId=ba192026366b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c02960e649' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重要进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96076, encryptionId=4c02960e649, topicName=重要进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cc52251, createdName=yhy100200, createdTime=Sun Oct 23 19:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=71688, encodeId=e9c0e1688f9, content=希望进步了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 06:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=71621, encodeId=6ca1e1621c4, content=老年痴呆一直是个要攻克的难点,光遗传能解释吗。期待中......, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160319/IMG56EC9696F32B05996.jpg, createdBy=0eac1630810, createdName=moonlight1, createdTime=Sat Mar 19 07:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=71491, encodeId=6b2de149136, content=老年性痴呆的研究一直很难获得进展,可能原因是,研究的病情是比较严重的,如果是在早期有认知障碍的时候,进行干预,也许能挽回部分的认知。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Mar 18 10:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=71492, encodeId=b218e1492f9, content=认知障碍的识别是非常困难的,怎么去找其识别,这是临床一个难点,有带影像学以及其他一些新的指标的发现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Mar 18 10:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-18 lovetcm

    老年性痴呆的研究一直很难获得进展,可能原因是,研究的病情是比较严重的,如果是在早期有认知障碍的时候,进行干预,也许能挽回部分的认知。

    0

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    2016-03-18 lovetcm

    认知障碍的识别是非常困难的,怎么去找其识别,这是临床一个难点,有带影像学以及其他一些新的指标的发现

    0

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