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腰椎椎管内可活动性神经鞘瘤1例

2019-09-04 邵元栋 于益民 中国矫形外科杂志

椎管内神经鞘瘤是最常见的椎管内良性肿瘤,约占椎管内良性肿瘤一半,其起源于神经根的鞘膜,大部分位于髓外硬脊膜下间隙。大部分起源于脊神经后根,受累神经呈纺锤状,一般单发。临床中一旦确诊均应手术治疗。手术方法以后入路椎板切除最为常见。2017年7月,作者对1例椎管内神经鞘瘤行手术治疗,发现术前MRI检查与术中肿瘤实际位置不一致,现报告如下。

椎管内神经鞘瘤是最常见的椎管内良性肿瘤,约占椎管内良性肿瘤一半,其起源于神经根的鞘膜,大部分位于髓外硬脊膜下间隙。大部分起源于脊神经后根,受累神经呈纺锤状,一般单发。临床中一旦确诊均应手术治疗。手术方法以后入路椎板切除最为常见。2017年7月,作者对1例椎管内神经鞘瘤行手术治疗,发现术前MRI检查与术中肿瘤实际位置不一致,现报告如下。

临床资料

患者,男,36岁,因发现椎管内肿物2年,左下肢疼痛1个月,加重3d,于2017-07-10上午入院。患者2年前因发热就诊于本院,给予相应治疗(具体治疗方案不详),治疗后自感左下肢不适,给予腰椎MRI:L1/2水平见椎管内占位。未影响患者生活,未行特殊治疗。患者1个月前无明显诱因出现左下肢疼痛,疼痛呈间歇性,疼痛与天气无关,站立活动后加重,平卧休息后可缓解。无下肢乏力、无下肢水肿,无胸闷、呼吸困难,3d前无明显诱因出现左下肢疼痛明显加重,可放射至膝关节外侧,站立行走困难,休息、外用膏药、理疗后疼痛缓解不明显,为进一步诊治来本院,门诊以“椎管内肿物”收入院。入院查体见腰椎生理曲度可,四肢肌肉未见明显萎缩,L2/3后方左侧压痛、叩击痛,疼痛自左侧臀部后方放射至膝关节外侧,双下肢感觉未见明显异常。四肢肌力、肌张力正常,双侧肱二头肌反射(++),双侧肱三头肌反射(+),双侧Hoffmann征(-),双侧直腿抬高试验(-),双侧4字试验(-),左侧膝腱反射(-),右侧膝腱反射(+),双侧跟腱反射(+),双侧Babinski征(-),双侧髌阵挛及踝阵挛(-),双侧足背动脉正常。2015年1月31日腰椎MRI:L1/2水平见椎管内占位。2017年7月8日腰椎MRI:L2/3椎体水平硬膜囊内见一长椭圆形等T1、稍长T2信号影,信号欠均匀,压脂序列上呈高信号影,马尾神经受压移位,同水平椎间孔无明显扩张。



入院诊断为椎管内肿物(L2/3水平)。经过科室讨论,于2017年7月13日在全身麻醉下行椎管内肿物切除+脊柱固定术。术中取以L2/3间隙为中心,后正中切口,逐层切开,向两侧推开椎旁肌,C型臂透视下定位L2/3双侧椎弓根,自L2及L3双侧各打入2枚6.0×45mm的万向椎弓根螺钉,切除L2/3棘上及棘间韧带,保留L2棘突,咬除L2双侧椎板及下关节突内侧,扩大椎管,见硬脊膜搏动良好,给予双侧悬吊硬脊膜缝线各2针,正中切开硬脊膜,L2/3水平未见肿物,取10F尿管在硬膜下探查,探查在L1/2水平触碰到一肿物,切除L1椎板部分下缘,探查到一大小约2.0×1.0CM肿物,边界清,囊性,表面有毛细血管分布,仔细与周围组织分离,可见肿物活动性较大,可向尾端移动约3CM,向尾端牵拉肿物至L2/3水平,切断黏连神经,完整取出肿物,送常规病理学检查,连续缝合硬脊膜,覆盖人工硬脊膜,见无脑脊液溢出,硬脊膜搏动良好,各椎弓根螺钉接连杆固定,横突间植骨,再次透视见内固定位置好,冲洗切口,止血,放置引流管1根,逐层缝合,无菌敷料包扎。术中及术后诊断为椎管内肿物(L1/2水平),神经鞘瘤可能性大。术后给予补液、止疼等对症治疗,因术中有内置物,符合抗生素应用原则,给予注射用头孢呋辛1.5g2次/d预防感染,术后向患者及家属讲明术中情况,患者及家属表示理解。术后病理学检查证实为神经鞘瘤,符合术前影像学表现。

讨论

椎管内肿瘤是指原发或继发性椎管内占位病变,约占中枢神经系统肿瘤的15%。按照发生部位可分为硬膜外、髓外硬膜下、髓内肿瘤三类,多表现为局部疼痛、相应平面以下感觉运动障碍和(或)大小便功能障碍等。其中椎管内神经鞘瘤为最常见的类型,严重影响患者的生活质量。手术切除是治疗椎管内肿瘤唯一有效的方法。椎管内肿物,尤其术中需要打开硬膜囊,往往以神经外科大夫在显微镜下操作为主。相关研究表明切除30%~50%的小关节即可导致腰椎不稳、脊柱后凸等后果,术后表现为疼痛、酸胀等症状,同时还会有术后无效腔并发感染。随着MRI及增强MRI的发展及普及,椎管内神经鞘瘤的诊断得到了很大的提高。方园等以56例椎管肿瘤患者为研究对象,对其临床资料尤其是MRI检查结果进行回顾性分析,证实了核磁共振平扫及增强检查,可明确椎管肿瘤的部位,亦可在一定程度上做出定性诊断,磁共振对椎管肿瘤具有良好的临床诊断价值。姚进经等人对71例椎管肿瘤患者进行回顾性研究,术前均行MRI检查,术后病理学证实了术前MRI的结果,认为应用核磁共振对椎管肿瘤进行检查,不仅操作简单、安全性高,在一定程度上还能提高诊断准确性,有助于临床治疗。在治疗方面手术治疗是金标准。冯怡锟等人回顾性分析78例椎管内神经鞘瘤,探讨椎管内神经鞘瘤的临床病理学特点、诊断及鉴别,结果表明所有肿瘤均位于髓外硬膜下,镜下肿瘤细胞呈束状或栅栏状排列,出血及囊性变多见。术前MRI能提示诊断,明确诊断仍需病理检查。临床上需与脑脊膜瘤及神经纤维瘤相鉴别。LiH等人分析了椎管内神经鞘瘤接受全椎板切除或半椎板切除联合病灶侧切除术病例,在长达6年的随访中证实后路椎板切除治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤可取得满意的临床效果。程诚等人回顾性分析手术治疗经病理明确证实为神经鞘瘤的56例患者临床资料,证实显微手术治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤的有效性。目前治疗椎管内肿物一般均在显微镜下操作,有助于肿瘤的彻底切除及周围重要组织的保护。

术前的MRI检查不仅可以判断肿瘤的性质、预后,重要的可以进行术前的定位,判断椎板的切除范围及固定的节段。以往的文献显示术前MRI的定位和术中肿瘤的位置一致,肿瘤的活动性差,位置恒定,有利于术中的定位及切除。该病例的特点是患者住院2年前的腰椎MRI及增强MRI扫描显示肿瘤的位置为L1/2水平,术前复查的腰椎MRI示肿瘤的位置为L2/3水平,术中打开L2/3水平的硬膜囊未见肿瘤,在L1/2水平探查到肿瘤,肿瘤活动度较大,可向下牵拉至L2/3水平。术中见肿瘤位于神经根周围,肿物两端连接神经根的位置位于对角线,造成了肿瘤活动度大。分析肿瘤的位置变化与术前患者活动及肿瘤本身的重力作用相关。2年前卧床时间长,卧位时L3位置较高,由于重力作用肿瘤位于L1/2水平。本次腰部及左下肢疼痛时间较短,且患者入院检查时患者未卧床而且在等待腰椎MRI时患者坐立,在重力作用下肿瘤位于L2/3水平。术前科室讨论时认为肿瘤的位置恒定,较2年前,肿物在重力作用下下移,固定在L2/3水平,所以术中切除了L2的椎板及部分下关节突,但术中未发现肿物。术后分析,在术前摆体位过程中,采取头低脚高位充分打开L2/3的椎板间隙,肿物在术中由于重力作用下移到了L1/2水平。

椎管内神经鞘瘤由于周围组织的固定作用,位置一般较为恒定,术前MRI的定位在术中尤为重要,但是术中如果出现打开术前的定位位置未发现肿物,切忌慌张,术中可采用较细的尿管探查,但是探查时动作一定要轻柔,以免损伤到重要的神经组织。肿物的活动性与肿物生长的位置及形状密切相关,由于病例数少,更多的相关因素可能考虑不全,在以后的临床工作中继续完善相关的研究。

原始出处:

邵元栋,于益民.腰椎椎管内可活动性神经鞘瘤1例报道[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(15):1437-1439.

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    2019-12-02 bugit
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