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Sciecne:2013年突破--人体胚胎克隆终获成功 咖啡因助力

2014-01-10 MedSci MedSci原创

历经了十几年的不断失败,科学家们终于成功了。就在今年,有科研人员宣布,他们成功克隆出了人类胚胎(human embryos),而且从这种胚胎里获得了人体胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ES cells),实现了大家期盼已久的科学目标。这些ES细胞能够分化成为我们体内的任何一种人体组织,而且从遗传学角度来看,这些细胞与组织也和被克隆个 体完全匹配,所以这种ES细胞不

历经了十几年的不断失败,科学家们终于成功了。就在今年,有科研人员宣布,他们成功克隆出了人类胚胎(human embryos),而且从这种胚胎里获得了人体胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ES cells),实现了大家期盼已久的科学目标。这些ES细胞能够分化成为我们体内的任何一种人体组织,而且从遗传学角度来看,这些细胞与组织也和被克隆个体完全匹配,所以这种ES细胞不论是在科研工作中,还是在医学应用工作中都有着无限的潜力。不过毁坏胚胎所带来的伦理学问题,以及成本更低、操作更简便的新技术也有可能妨碍人体胚胎克隆技术成为一种主流的科研操作手段。


这种克隆技术的全称是“体细胞核移植技术(somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)”,其实就是17年前克隆出克隆羊多莉的那种技术。科研人员们先将卵细胞(egg cell)的细胞核取出,然后将被克隆个体的细胞与这个去核的卵细胞共同孵育、融合。最后给这个融合细胞一种特定的刺激信号,促使其开始分裂,然后细胞就会按部就班地一步步变成胚胎了。科学家们已经成功地使用SCNT技术克隆过小鼠、猪、狗,以及其它多种动物,但是一直没能成功克隆出人体胚胎。经过了多年的努力(期间也出现过不少的学术造假丑闻),也只是获得过少数几个质量很差的胚胎,这些胚胎根本不能够提供合格的ES细胞。
不过在2007年, 美国奥勒冈州国家灵长类动物研究中心(Oregon National Primate Research Center in Beaverton)的科研人员终于成功地克隆出了猴子的胚胎,而且从中获得了ES细胞。他们在试验过程中还发现了不少的小窍门,可以更有效地克隆灵长类动物的细胞,当然也包括人类细胞。他们总结出的这套克隆技术效果非常明显,成功率达到了10%,也就是说每10次试验就能够获得一次ES细胞。关键就在于使用了咖啡因(caffeine),这种物质似乎有助于稳定脆弱的人体卵细胞中的某些重要分子。
长远来看,现在还很难说清楚这项人体克隆技术的重要性究竟有多么大。从我们第一次尝试开展人体细胞克隆开始,科研人员们就发现,他们可以利用“重编程技术(reprogramming)”将成体细胞诱 导、去分化成为这名个体特异性的诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS cells)。科学家们已经在2007年时成功对人体细胞进行过这种重编程操作。使用该技术就不再需要人体卵细胞,也不会涉及与胚胎相关的伦理学问题,这两点都是SCNT技术的软肋,也是使SCNT技术成本一直居高不下的原因。不过有些试验发现,至少对于小鼠细胞而言,从克隆胚胎中取得的ES细胞要比iPS细胞的质量更好。现在,已经有科研人员开始对这两种技术获得的人体干细胞进行一对一的逐项比较。
随着人体细胞克隆技术的成功,大家也开始关心起克隆人的问题。不过至少从目前来看克隆人还是不太现实的。据美国奥勒冈州国家灵长类动物研究中心里的科研人员介绍,他们对猴子进行过数百次试验,可是这些克隆猴胚胎全都不能正常地在猴子宫内着床,并继续发育。

相关新闻:
Science :《科学》评年度医学成果 克隆技术竟需咖啡帮助

原始出处:
2013 RUNNERS-UP. Human Cloning at Last. Science 20 December 2013; DOI: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1436-a

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    2014-06-26 changfy
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1793691, encodeId=6ce81e936911f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b8d1599986' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Sciecne#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15999, encryptionId=5b8d1599986, topicName=Sciecne)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32d177, createdName=changfy, createdTime=Thu Jun 26 05:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660093, encodeId=48c316600935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Fri Nov 07 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=6823, encodeId=905868235a, content=从这里可以下载一些文章吗?比如说science,nature, neurology, development等等。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=730893870, createdName=sherenW, createdTime=Tue Jan 14 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263917, encodeId=b418126391e5b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=62c239e74f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咖啡因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39774, encryptionId=62c239e74f2, topicName=咖啡因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=316c73, createdName=caoliehu, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1315236, encodeId=291b1315236bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6fcc83e0554' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胚胎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83705, encryptionId=6fcc83e0554, topicName=胚胎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6393434, createdName=ailian1202, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374814, encodeId=f25a13e4814a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-11-07 hb2008ye
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    2014-01-14 sherenW

    从这里可以下载一些文章吗?比如说science,nature, neurology, development等等。

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1793691, encodeId=6ce81e936911f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b8d1599986' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Sciecne#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15999, encryptionId=5b8d1599986, topicName=Sciecne)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32d177, createdName=changfy, createdTime=Thu Jun 26 05:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660093, encodeId=48c316600935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Fri Nov 07 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=6823, encodeId=905868235a, content=从这里可以下载一些文章吗?比如说science,nature, neurology, development等等。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=730893870, createdName=sherenW, createdTime=Tue Jan 14 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263917, encodeId=b418126391e5b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=62c239e74f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咖啡因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39774, encryptionId=62c239e74f2, topicName=咖啡因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=316c73, createdName=caoliehu, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1315236, encodeId=291b1315236bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6fcc83e0554' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胚胎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83705, encryptionId=6fcc83e0554, topicName=胚胎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6393434, createdName=ailian1202, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374814, encodeId=f25a13e4814a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-01-12 ailian1202
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1793691, encodeId=6ce81e936911f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b8d1599986' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Sciecne#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15999, encryptionId=5b8d1599986, topicName=Sciecne)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=32d177, createdName=changfy, createdTime=Thu Jun 26 05:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660093, encodeId=48c316600935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Fri Nov 07 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=6823, encodeId=905868235a, content=从这里可以下载一些文章吗?比如说science,nature, neurology, development等等。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=730893870, createdName=sherenW, createdTime=Tue Jan 14 22:58:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263917, encodeId=b418126391e5b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=62c239e74f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咖啡因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39774, encryptionId=62c239e74f2, topicName=咖啡因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=316c73, createdName=caoliehu, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1315236, encodeId=291b1315236bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6fcc83e0554' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胚胎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83705, encryptionId=6fcc83e0554, topicName=胚胎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6393434, createdName=ailian1202, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374814, encodeId=f25a13e4814a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sun Jan 12 10:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-01-12 jichang

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