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Lancet Oncol:TERT启动子UTSS区域高度甲基化是儿童脑肿瘤进展的预测标记

2013-08-27 echo1166 dxy

研究要点:TERT启动子甲基化可作为儿童恶性脑肿瘤的生物标记和预后判断标记。在儿童恶性脑肿瘤中,当肿瘤从低级别向高级别转化时,UTSS甲基化增加。TERT启动子UTSS区域的高度甲基化与肿瘤中TERT的表达相关。在儿科神经系统肿瘤领域中,鉴定得到对恶性疾病有提示意义的生物标记是十分重要的方面。这有助于建立评估疾病出现进展的方法。加拿大多伦多大学的Pedro Castelo-Branco等为了探



研究要点:

TERT启动子甲基化可作为儿童恶性脑肿瘤的生物标记和预后判断标记。

在儿童恶性脑肿瘤中,当肿瘤从低级别向高级别转化时,UTSS甲基化增加。

TERT启动子UTSS区域的高度甲基化与肿瘤中TERT的表达相关。

在儿科神经系统肿瘤领域中,鉴定得到对恶性疾病有提示意义的生物标记是十分重要的方面。这有助于建立评估疾病出现进展的方法。加拿大多伦多大学的Pedro Castelo-Branco等为了探究TERT启动子甲基化在儿科脑肿瘤患者中,是否能作为恶性病变的生物标记和预后判断标记而进行了相关研究,他们的研究结果发表在Lancet Oncol 7月的在线期刊上。【原文下载

在探索队列中,研究者的样本来自贮存于德国肿瘤研究中心的儿科脑肿瘤患者。在验证队列中,研究者采用来自多伦多的2家医院的数种组织以获得充分的临床和随访数据。

为了确定生物标记能否用于评估和预测患者病情的进展情况,研究者在成对的肿瘤样本中(从低级别病变转化为高级别病变,或从局灶性病变转化为转移性病变,或不同级别的脉络膜丛肿瘤)分析其甲基化状态。最后在后颅窝室管膜瘤的患者中(某一区域存在/不存在高度甲基化)调查了他们的总体生存情况。所有进行甲基化分析的研究者都不知道患者的预后情况。

研究者在探查探索队列中共对280个样本进行了分析,对确定的CpG位点(cg11625005)进行分析,其中79个样本来自于正常脑组织和低级别肿瘤组织,在这些样本中的78个(99%)没有出现高度甲基化,而在201个来自于恶性肿瘤的样本中,有145个样本(72%)为高度甲基化样本,结果具有显著统计学意义。对验证队列的68个样本在确定的5个CpG位点进行分析(转录起始位点的上游(UTSS)),结果提示在所有表达TERT的儿童恶性脑肿瘤的样本中都呈现高度甲基化,但是在没有表达TERT的健康脑组织中却并未发现高度甲基化,结果具有显著统计学意义。

UTSS的阳性预测值为1,阴性预测值为0.95。在成对的儿童胶质瘤样本中,当肿瘤从低级别向高级别转化时,UTSS甲基化增加;如果成对的肿瘤样本中从局灶性病变向转移性病变发展时,也会出现UTSS甲基化增加。

在8个高表达UTSS甲基化的非典型性乳头状瘤样本中,有2个转化成癌性病变,而其他的6个样本并未出现进展或需要进行额外治疗。在25名高度甲基化UTSS的后颅窝室管膜瘤患者,其5年总体生存率为51%,而20名非甲基化UTSS肿瘤患者5年总体生存率为95%,结果具有显著统计学意义。在25名非高度甲基化UTSS肿瘤中5年非进展生存期为86%,而甲基化的肿瘤患者则为30%。

本研究结果指出,在TERT启动子UTSS区域的高度甲基化与肿瘤中TERT的表达相关。在儿科脑肿瘤中,UTSS的高度甲基化与肿瘤进展相关,同时也与患者预后差相关。这一区域容易扩增,在绝大多数的临床实验室中容易建立出高度甲基化的序列。因此,UTSS区域对于很多肿瘤而言是一种生物标记。

研究背景:

无论是儿童还是成人,肿瘤都是造成疾病相关死亡的主要原因。很多情况,肿瘤都具有较长的病程,在从增生型病变向不典型增生性病变、癌前病变,最终至恶性肿瘤的转变期间会经历数个阶段的进展。

端粒维持是肿瘤的一个特点,是所有恶性肿瘤自我更新过程中至关重要的一个环节。端粒酶是一种维持端粒稳定的酶,在90%的晚期肿瘤中被激活,但是在绝大多数的正常组织中该酶不被激活,所以端粒酶是针对肿瘤的一个生物标记。端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)是端粒酶复合物的催化中心。TERT仅在一些人类细胞中表达,如正常胚胎干细胞、造血祖细胞和激活的淋巴细胞。在绝大多数的恶性肿瘤细胞中记录到了TERT表达,并且与很多肿瘤(如肉瘤、脑肿瘤、结直肠肿瘤和乳腺癌)的预后差相关。

然而,约有10%的肿瘤(包括在儿童和成人中的脑肿瘤)能通过同源重组依赖的机制来维持端粒的稳定,即所谓的端粒替代延长(ALT)。在人类细胞中TERT表达严格受限,但是其机制不明。虽然有报道指出,一些癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因会与TERT启动子相结合,但是它们在TERT表达调节中所起到的作用仍然不清楚。

表观遗传学调节是一种生物学机制,通过不改变最基本的基因组序列的DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰来调节基因表达。位于CpG启动子区域的重叠部位的胞嘧啶残基的DNA甲基化通常与沉默基因相关。在50%的人类基因中,这些CpG的序列(CpG岛)位于启动子区域。针对在TERT启动子DNA甲基化的研究结果各不相同。虽然一些研究报道低甲基化的CpG岛覆盖了TERT启动子,其他的研究则报道在肿瘤细胞中表达TERT的DNA甲基化增加。

存在上述矛盾结果的原因是研究者所针对的TERT启动子的不同区域进行研究。我们目前还不知晓启动子高度甲基化和基因表达增加之间存在何种性质的联系,但这种联系的确是存在的。此外,针对基因启动子的基因组分析显示CpG岛的高度甲基化与肿瘤相关基因的激活高度相关,这对于既往的观点做出了挑战——即CpG岛的甲基化与沉默基因相关。理解启动子甲基化状态的机制和TERT表达调节的机制或许能帮助确定有意义的临床标记。

既往研究所针对的是端粒和端粒酶在儿童脑部肿瘤形成过程中所起到的作用。脑部肿瘤占了儿童肿瘤的25%以上,并且是儿童期肿瘤致死的首要原因。在低级别的儿童脑肿瘤中端粒酶处于非激活状态,但在绝大多数的恶性肿瘤和其相应的肿瘤干细胞中则呈激活状态。此外,TERT表达在这些肿瘤中是一项重要的预后预测标志。然而,在这些研究中所使用的抗体并非特异性的,并且研究结果是不可重复的。

原始出处:

Castelo-Branco P, Choufani S, Mack S, Gallagher D, Zhang C, Lipman T, Zhukova N, Walker EJ, Martin D, Merino D, Wasserman JD, Elizabeth C, Alon N, Zhang L, Hovestadt V, Kool M, Jones DT, Zadeh G, Croul S, Hawkins C, Hitzler J, Wang JC, Baruchel S, Dirks PB, Malkin D, Pfister S, Taylor MD, Weksberg R, Tabori U.Methylation of the TERT promoter and risk stratification of childhood brain tumours: an integrative genomic and molecular study.Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):534-42. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70110-4. Epub 2013 Apr 16. 【原文下载

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    2014-01-18 howi
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    2014-03-21 minlingfeng
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