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Cell:绘制癌细胞结构突变目录图谱

2013-05-13 koo ebiotrade

日前,哈佛医学院、麻省理工-哈佛博德研究所等机构的科学家采用高覆盖率全基因组测序技术,绘制了癌细胞结构突变的目录图谱,并解析了其中的作用机制,研究人员指出,即使是在单个基因组中,细胞发生突变也是由多重机制决定的。相关研究成果刊登在近期出版的《细胞》(Cell)杂志上。自从在癌基因和肿瘤抑癌基因中发现最早的频发突变(recurrent mutation)以来,人们已经明确癌症在很大程度上是一种遗传疾


日前,哈佛医学院、麻省理工-哈佛博德研究所等机构的科学家采用高覆盖率全基因组测序技术,绘制了癌细胞结构突变的目录图谱,并解析了其中的作用机制,研究人员指出,即使是在单个基因组中,细胞发生突变也是由多重机制决定的。相关研究成果刊登在近期出版的《细胞》(Cell)杂志上。

自从在癌基因和肿瘤抑癌基因中发现最早的频发突变(recurrent mutation)以来,人们已经明确癌症在很大程度上是一种遗传疾病。几乎所有的人类肿瘤都保留着反映其起源组织的表型,由此突显了癌症生物学中表观遗传学的中心地位。事实上,科学家们也越来越认识到可传递的表观遗传改变(对基因组或其支架的化学修饰,不涉及核苷酸序列改变)有可能重新获得,而这些表突变(epimutation)也可能会促使癌变。

近年来随着高通量测序技术的蓬勃发展,对于癌症基因组中细胞重排的现象,科学家们也有了更深入的认识,但是这种表突变具体的复杂结构变化,以及其中的分子机制,还有待进一步的研究。

在这项研究中,研究人员应用一种新型运算方法,预测了短片段中的结构变化,由此采用高覆盖率全基因组测序方法,绘制了癌细胞结构突变的目录图谱,并解析了其中的作用机制。

研究人员针对十种类型的140位癌症患者样品,通过高通量测序技术,分析了不同类型重排,和突变机制的相关原因,发现细胞缺失中20%以下是由于复制错误导致的复杂缺失,并针对体细胞和生殖细胞中的突变机制,解析了其中的差异。

更重要的是,研究人员还完成了胶质母细胞瘤中导致CDKN2A/B缺失,和表皮生长因子受体EGFR获得的详细重构事件,从中揭示出即使是在一个单一基因组中,这些缺失也是由于多种机制造成的,而且DNA双链断裂和复制错误也都会诱发细胞重排。

近期癌症基因组研究获得了不少进展,比如来自美国国家癌症研究所的研究人员就发现了子宫内膜癌的基因突变,这一研究发现有可能对罹患侵袭性子宫内膜癌的妇女的治疗计划,以及子宫内膜癌肿瘤分类产生直接的影响。

此外还有一组研究组对一个33岁肺腺癌病人的癌症组织和正常组织分别进行全基因组和转录组高通量测序。从中发现在KIF5B和RET原癌基因之间通过10p11.22–q11.21臂间倒位产生的新融合基因。此融合基因过度表达了嵌合的RET受体酪氨酸激酶,它能自发导致细胞转化。这些数据表明,一部分NSCLCs是由KIF5B-RET融合基因导致的。嵌合的致癌基因可作为一种很有前景的分子靶标,用于肺癌的个性化诊断和治疗。

癌细胞相关的拓展阅读:


Diverse Mechanisms of Somatic Structural Variations in Human Cancer Genomes

Summary

Identification of somatic rearrangements in cancer genomes has accelerated through analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. However, characterization of complex structural alterations and their underlying mechanisms remains inadequate. Here, applying an algorithm to predict structural variations from short reads, we report a comprehensive catalog of somatic structural variations and the mechanisms generating them, using high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data from 140 patients across ten tumor types. We characterize the relative contributions of different types of rearrangements and their mutational mechanisms, find that ∼20% of the somatic deletions are complex deletions formed by replication errors, and describe the differences between the mutational mechanisms in somatic and germline alterations. Importantly, we provide detailed reconstructions of the events responsible for loss of CDKN2A/B and gain of EGFR in glioblastoma, revealing that these alterations can result from multiple mechanisms even in a single genome and that both DNA double-strand breaks and replication errors drive somatic rearrangements.



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    2014-04-14 维他命
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    2013-05-15 yxch36

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