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《高甘油三酯血症性急性胰腺炎诊治急诊专家共识》发布,这17条核心内容值得一看!

2021-12-24 中华急诊医学杂志 中华急诊医学杂志

近年国内统计结果显示,高脂血症已超过酒精成为AP的第二大病因,而因高脂血症所致AP与血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)水平显著升高密切相关,因此其又被称为高甘油三酯血症性急性胰腺炎。

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是临床常见消化系统急症,可累及全身器官、系统并进展为病情凶险、病死率高的重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)。近年国内统计结果显示,高脂血症已超过酒精成为AP的第二大病因,而因高脂血症所致AP与血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)水平显著升高密切相关,因此其又被称为高甘油三酯血症性急性胰腺炎(hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis,HTG-AP)。

鉴于近年来HTG-AP发病率逐年升高及其对患者、家庭、社会所造成的近期与远期危害,如何更早地预防和有效阻断HTG-AP及其诊断与治疗已得到重视,但“诱因隐匿、淀粉酶水平升高不明显”等特点导致HTG-AP早期极易被误诊,加之HTG-AP“发病年轻化、合并症多”以及病情进展快、“重症化”倾向、临床治疗缺乏统一标准等,给临床救治工作带来一定困难。因此,为传播HTG-AP的诊治规范和理念并提供临床指导,专家组整理、编写了本共识

1.本共识的制定方法

来自全国的急重症专家选定题目并成立专家组、提出关键问题,采用共识会议法,基于国内外相关HTG- AP临床诊治循证医学证据和急重症医学专家的临床诊治经验、结合我国国情,通过函审、现场讨论会等方式反复讨论、修改,历时 1 年余,最终定稿。参考文献来自PubMed、Medline、万方数据库、清华同方、维普中文科 技期刊数据库等,以高甘油三酯血症、高脂血症、胰腺炎、hypertriglyceridemic、pancreatitis、HTG、AP 等为检索词, 检索时间截至2021 年 06 月 30 日。

2. HTG-AP的病因、发病机制与临床特征?

2.1 病因

2.1.1 原发性脂蛋白代谢异常 包括I型、IV型、V型血脂异常在内的原发性脂蛋白代谢异常均可导致HTG-AP, 其中以I型、IV型血脂异常所致HTG-AP最常见。

(1)I 型血脂异常:I型血脂异常是脂蛋白脂肪酶 (lipoprteinlipase,LPL)基因缺陷所致常染色体隐性遗传疾病,患者主要表现为血浆乳糜颗粒(chylomicron,CM)增 加、TG水平升高而总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平正常或轻度升高; I型血脂异常所致HTG-AP患者临床症状和病情严重程度均轻于IV型、V型血脂异常。

 (2)IV型血脂异常:IV型血脂异常是多种易感基因与环境因素相互作用而导致的复杂性遗传疾病,患者血浆中极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein,VLDL)水平升高、TG水平明显升高、TC水平正常或偏高;IV型血脂异常所致HTG-AP多在成年期出现。

(3)V型血脂异常:V型血脂异常也属于复杂性遗传疾病,患者血浆中CM和VLDL 水平升高、TG水平升高明显、TC水平也可升高;V型血脂异常所致HTG-AP 一般在成年 期出现。

2.1.2 继发性脂蛋白代谢异常 继发性脂蛋白代谢异常见于代谢性疾病及妊娠、酗酒,其中代谢性疾病主要包括糖尿病、 药源性脂蛋白代谢紊乱(包括补充雌激素及使用蛋白酶抑制剂、抗反转录病毒药物、丙泊酚、奥氮平、维甲酸、噻嗪类利尿剂和 β- 受体阻滞剂等)、甲状腺功能减退症等。

2.2 发病机制

2.2.1 Havel理论 即游离脂肪酸(freefattyacid,FFA)假说认为,血浆中CM阻塞胰腺毛细血管,导致经甘油三酯脂蛋白代谢分解的FFA在胰腺聚集,造成胰腺微循环障碍及钙超载,最终导致HTG-AP,目前该假说已被广泛接受。

2.2.2 胰腺微循环障碍 高甘油三酯血症患者血液处于高凝状态,胰腺毛细血管床内大量沉积的FFA和CM可导致毛细血管堵塞并诱发胰腺微循环障碍,加之血小板聚集导致血栓素A2和前列环素比例失衡而进一步加重胰腺微循环障碍

2.2.3 蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)活化 胰腺腺泡细胞内存在大量、多种 PKC亚型,可被FFA激活并进一 步导致胰腺细胞损伤。

2.2.4 炎性反应 FFA可诱导炎性递质释放,引起瀑布样级联炎性反应,进而导致细胞膜受体活性改变及细胞器破坏、造成胰腺腺泡细胞损伤甚至多器官功能衰竭。

2.2.5 遗传学因素 高达77.8%的LPL基因S447X突变的高脂血症患者可罹患HTG-AP。CHANG 等研究发现,囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(cystic fibrosistransmembrane conductance regulator,CFTR)突变/变异/单倍型以及肿瘤坏死因子启动子多态性可能是HTG-AP的潜在发病机制。目前,CFTR变异已作为我国高甘油三酯 血症患者易患AP的预测因素。

2.3 临床特征

除具有 AP 患者的一般临床表现外,HTG-AP患者还具有如下特征。

2.3.1 TG 水平显著升高 血清TG水平≥1000 mg/dL(11.3 mmol/L)是HTG-AP发病时最重要的特征。

2.3.2 淀粉酶升高不明显 约 50%HTG-AP患者的血、尿淀粉酶水平无明显升高,其原因可能是HTG-AP患者血浆中存在淀粉酶活性抑制物即“非脂类抑制因子”,而非脂类抑制因子可通过肾脏进入尿液,进而抑制尿淀粉酶活性; 此外,TG水平升高直接影响了淀粉酶的测定。有研究发现, 脂肪酶对HTG-AP的诊断准确率为91.83%,而淀粉酶的诊断准确率仅为40.38%。因此增加了HTG-AP早期诊断的难度。

2.3.3 假性低钠血症 由于血脂容积效应,HTG-AP患者血钠测定值常较实际值低10 mmol/L左右。

2.3.4 合并症多见 HTG-AP患者多合并糖尿病、肥胖症等代谢性疾病。

2.3.5 “重症化”倾向 国内一项大型、多中心研究表明,HTG-AP患者急性肾衰竭、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、SAP发生率均高于非HTG-AP患者; 国外一项研究表明,HTG-AP 患者更易发生持续性器官功能衰竭,且其并发症发生率显著高于其他病因所致AP。

2.3.6 复发率高 国内研究发现,HTG-AP患者的复发率显著高于胆源性AP患者;国外研究发现,约32%的HTG-AP患者存在复发性胰腺炎。复发性HTG-AP多见于血清 TG水平未控制、血糖控制不佳的糖尿病患者及酗酒者。

2.3.7 诱因隐匿、发病年轻化 高脂肪餐、饮酒、丙泊酚、雌激素、三苯氧胺、口服避孕药、β-受体阻滞剂、糖皮质激素、噻嗪类利尿剂、恩替卡韦等药物均可诱发HTG-AP;同时,HTG-AP患者家族成员多存在常染色体隐性遗传性LPL缺乏性疾病,但此类疾病患者多为年轻人且发病诱因隐匿,不易被发现及诊断。

3. 如何诊断HTG-AP?

推荐意见1 首先符合AP诊断标准;其次血清TG水平达到1000 mg/dL(11.3 mmol/L),或血清TG水平为500~1000 mg/dL(5.65~11.3 mmol/L)且血清呈乳糜状;并且排除AP的其他病因。

(1)首先符合《2012年美国亚特兰大急性胰腺炎新分级、分类系统》中的AP诊断标准:

a. 急性、突发、持续、剧烈的上腹部疼痛,可向背部放射;

b. 血清淀粉酶和/或脂肪酶水平≥参考范围上限3倍;

c. 增强CT或磁共振成像(MRI)呈AP典型影像学改变(胰腺水肿或胰周渗出积液)。

符合上述3项标准中的2项即诊断AP。

(2)其次合并高甘油三酯血症[血清TG水平≥1000 mg/dL(11.3 mmol/L)];或血清TG水平介于500~1000 mg/dL(5.65~11.3 mmol/L)但血清呈乳糜状。

同时符合第1条和第2条,且排除AP的其他病因如胆道疾病、酒精、创伤、肿瘤等,则HTG-AP诊断成立。若AP患者血清TG水平超过参考范围上限但<500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L),则诊断为急性胰腺炎伴高甘油三酯血症。HTG-AP的诊断流程见图 1(修正:≥1.30应为≥11.30)。

图片

 

4. 如何进行HTG-AP的严重程度分级?

推荐意见2 建议依据《2012年美国亚特兰大急性胰腺炎新分级、分类系统》进行 HTG-AP严重程度分级。

临床进行HTG-AP严重程度分级的目的是更精准地评估疾病的严重程度,进而制订正确的、个性化的治疗策略。本共识沿用《2012年美国亚特兰大急性胰腺炎新分级、分类系统》对HTG-AP严重程度进行分级:

a. 轻症型,无器官功能衰竭,无局部或全身并发症,病死率极低;

b. 中度重症型,伴一过性(≤48 h)器官功能衰竭,或伴局部或全身并发症,病死率<5%;

c. 重症型,伴持续性(>48h)器官功能衰竭,病死率达36%~50%。

推荐意见3 建议采用改良Marshall评分进行HTG-AP患者器官功能评分。

改良Marshall评分涉及呼吸系统、心血管系统、肾脏3个靶器官系统,已广泛应用于 AP患者器官功能评分,并见于《2012年美国亚特兰大急性胰腺炎新分级、分类系统》以及《中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2019,沈阳)》: 改良Marshall评分≥2分即为器官功能衰竭。对于需使用正性肌力药物和/或呼吸支持或入住重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)的HTG-AP患者,采用SOFA评分进行器官功能评估更合适。改良Marshall评分、SOFA评分均可用于每日评估HTG-AP患者的器官功能。

5. 如何进行HTG-AP的病情严重程度评估?

推荐意见4 建议采用改良CT严重程度指数(modifiedCT severity index,MCTSI)评估HTG-AP的严重程度。

目前,HTG-AP严重程度的评估主要沿用针对AP的评分系统,主要包括急性胰腺炎严重程度床旁指数(bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis,BISAP)、Ranson评分、MCTSI、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评价系统II(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation scoring system II,APACHE II)评分。其中 BISAP虽简单易行,但预测24 h持续性器官功能衰竭的准确性不高。Yang等通过对326例HTG-AP患者进行的研究发现,Ranson评分在预测HTG-AP患者的病情严重程度和预后方面无显著优势。多项研究表明,MCTSI在HTG-AP并发症评估及预测方面更具优势。

6. HTG-AP 的治疗策略?

推荐意见5 重症HTG-AP患者的诊疗应建立在多学科诊疗(multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment,MDT)理念基础之上。

由于AP患者多因急性腹痛就诊,因此其首诊科室以急诊科为主,而由于HTG-AP患者易出现并发症、易重症化,且救治过程中常需实施液体管理、镇痛镇静管理、营养支持、脏器功能支持、心理干预、康复治疗等综合干预措施,因此急诊科、ICU已逐渐成为HTG-AP患者的主要收住科室,而由于HTG-AP患者病情评估、综合治疗的每一阶段均可能需要除急诊科、ICU以外的多个学科如麻醉科、消化科、普外科等的共同协作,因此,进行MDT、建立多学科会诊和转诊机制对HTG-AP患者的成功救治具有重要的意义。

推荐意见6 对于重症型HTG-AP及有可能发展为重症型HTG-AP或病情进展迅速的 HTG-AP患者,建议收住ICU。

HTG-AP患者收住 ICU的指征:

(1)重症型患者;

(2)有以下情况者易发展至重症型HTG-AP,可考虑转入ICU,如

a. APACHE II评分>8 分;

b. Balthazar CT分级评分系统分级为E级;

c. 全身炎症反应综合征(systeminflammatory reaction syndrome,SIRS)持续时间>48 h;

d. 血细胞比容>44%、尿素氮>20 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)或肌酐>1.8 mg/dL(225 μmol/L);

e. 年龄>60 岁;

f. 存在心、肺基础疾病或肥胖症。

7. HTG-AP的临床治疗方案包括哪些?

推荐意见7 针对HTG-AP的临床治疗措施应包括病因治疗、常规治疗、并发症治疗、中医治疗、手术治疗、 心理及康复治疗、基因治疗等,且应以病因治疗、常规治疗为核心。

由于早期手术可能增加HTG-AP患者多脏器功能障碍风险并导致死亡,因此在HTG-AP急性反应期应以非手术治疗为主。鉴于HTG-AP病因、发病机制及临床特征的特殊性,因此病因治疗及常规治疗为其核心治疗,且常规治疗中的部分治疗措施如营养支持、疼痛管理、血糖管理等也存在特殊性,需引起重视。本共识重点围绕在HTG-AP治疗过程中可能遇到的与其他病因所致AP治疗措施中的不同之处进行讨论,其余治疗措施不再赘述,可参考相关指南/共识。另外,由于基因治疗是理论上唯一可能根治原发性HTG-AP的方法,但尚处研究阶段,因此也不做赘述。HTG-AP的临床治疗方案见图2。

图片

 

8. HTG-AP病因治疗的关键是什么?

推荐意见8 将血清TG水平快速降低至500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)以下是治疗 HTG-AP的关键。

HTG-AP患者经确诊并完成严重程度评估后,在给予积极液体复苏的同时应尽早针对病因进行治疗。HTG-AP与高甘油三酯血症互为因果,高甘油三酯血症既是HTG-AP 的病因,又是导致HTG-AP患者病情不断恶化的诱因。CHRISTIAN等研究显示,血清 TG水平>500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)的HTG-AP患者胰腺炎复发率约是血清TG水平<500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)者的2倍,因此,迅速降低血清TG水平从而中断 TG和炎性反应之间的恶性循环是救治HTG-AP患者的核心环节。目前,降低血清TG 水平的治疗措施分为无创和有创两大类,其中无创治疗措施包括使用常规降脂药物、肝素与低分子肝素、胰岛素等,有创治疗措施即血液净化。

9. HTG-AP的常规降脂药物治疗时机及药物选择

推荐意见9 轻型HTG-AP患者胃肠功能可耐受时应尽早口服降脂药物,首选贝特类降脂药物。

病情稳定的轻型HTG-AP患者如胃肠功能可耐受应尽早口服降脂药物,常用口服降脂药物包括贝特类降脂药物、他汀类药物、烟酸、ω-3脂肪酸:

(1)贝特类降脂药物,不仅可减少肝脏TG生成,还可促使TG逆向转运,进而显著降低TG水平,是HTG-AP患者首选口服降脂药物;

(2)他汀类药物,可通过竞争性抑制内源性3羟基3甲基戊二酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A,HMG-COA)以降低TG水平;

(3)烟酸,在降低TG水平的同时可使高密度脂蛋白水平提高;

(4)ω-3脂肪酸,不仅可抑制肝脏TG生成,还可通过降低低密度脂蛋白和CM的水平而增强降脂效果。

10. HTG-AP的低分子肝素治疗方案?

推荐意见10 低分子肝素可促进HTG-AP患者TG水解,但由于单独、长期使用低分子肝素可能导致TG水平再次升高,因此应与其他降脂药物联合应用。

推荐意见11 应用低分子肝素治疗HTG-AP时需监测凝血功能。

目前,肝素或低分子肝素已用于HTG-AP的临床治疗。研究表明,肝素与低分子肝素不仅能够促进LPL由内皮细胞释放及入血,而且能够促进肝脏的甘油三酯水解酶释放,从而加速CM和TG水解。低分子肝素不仅能够拮抗内皮细胞释放内皮素-1和一氧化氮以维持血管内皮细胞结构的完整性,而且能够刺激内皮细胞释放纤溶酶原激活因子和组织因子途径抑制物以发挥纤溶、抗血栓、抗血小板聚集等作用,进而改善胰腺微循环,同时低分子肝素还可通过抑制血小板释放5-羟色胺等物质而发挥抗变态反应、抗炎等作用,对HTG-AP的病理变化有改善作用。

鉴于病情严重的HTG-AP患者长时间大量使用低分子肝素存在血管内皮细胞表面LPL 耗尽的风险,可能导致血液中的TG水平再次升高,因此用以治疗HTG-AP时建议 联合使用其他降脂药物,而非单独使用以降低TG水平。

低分子肝素与其他降脂药物联合应用的经验性给药方案:

(1)对于无出血倾向的HTG-AP患者,建议在入院时给予低分子肝素100 U/kg(单次剂量不超过5000 U),间隔时间≥12 h,持续治疗10 ~ 14 d;

(2)给药方式首选皮下注射;

(3)HTG-AP患者采用低分子肝素治疗过程中需监测凝血功能。

11. 胰岛素治疗HTG-AP的应用方案?

推荐意见12 尽早应用胰岛素控制HTG-AP可促进CM降解、降低血清TG水平,但需监测血清TG水平并严格监测血糖。

推荐意见13 HTG-AP患者应用胰岛素治疗的控制目标为血清TG水平≤500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L),且血糖控制范围为110~150 mg/dL(6.1~8.3 mmol/L)。

胰岛素一方面可通过提高HTG-AP患者LPL基因mRNA表达水平、激活脂蛋白酯酶、加速CM降解从而显著降低血清TG水平,另一方面可通过改善HTG-AP患者糖代谢紊乱并减少糖代谢紊乱产生的自由基从而改善整体预后,因此,胰岛素除可用以控制血糖外还可用以降低血清TG水平 。研究表明,将HTG-AP患者血糖控制在200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)以下可以有效促进CM降解、降低血清TG水平,且并发症发生风险较低。

11.1 控制目标

血糖控制在200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)以下,最好维持在110~150 mg/dL(6.1~8.3 mmol/L)以使血清TG水平快速降低至500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)以下。

11.2 胰岛素应用方案

11.2.1 无血糖异常时仅以控制血清TG水平为目的。

(1)静脉泵入胰岛素0.1~0.3 U/(kg*h);

(2)每12~24 h需检测1次血清TG水平,血清TG水平≤ 500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)时停用胰岛素治疗;

(3)需严格监测血糖,随机血糖维持范围为110~150 mg/dL(6.1~8.3 mmol/L)。

11.2.2 合并糖尿病病史或血糖异常时首选静脉或皮下持续泵入胰岛素:

(1)进食患者初始胰岛素日总量为0.5~1.0 U/(kg•d), 其中50%~60%为基础量(分6~8个时段按不同剂量持续泵入),剩余40%~50%于三餐前15~30 min分别追 加给药,常规频率监测血糖即可;

(2)血糖>200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)者以0.1~0.3 U/(kg•h)为初始剂量并持续静脉泵入胰岛素,每1~4 h监测1次血糖并调整胰岛素泵入剂量;

(3)血糖为150~200 mg/dL(8.3~11.1 mmol/L)时需警惕低血糖的发生,可同时给予5%葡萄糖 [ 葡萄糖 : 胰岛素比例为(4 ~ 6)g:1 U] 以预防低血糖的发生;

(4)控制血糖至110~150 mg/dL(6.1 ~ 8.3 mmol/L),当血清TG水平≤500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)时停用胰岛素;

(5)如发生持续性低血糖,需停用胰岛素。

推荐意见14 胰岛素联合低分子肝素治疗HTG-AP安全且有效。

胰岛素和低分子肝素在HTG-AP患者病因治疗中具有协同作用,可有效减轻炎性反应,降脂效果确切且降低TG水平的效果不劣于血浆置换,但相比后者更易于在临床开展、更具经济性,可作为基层医院治疗HTG-AP 患者的优选降脂方案。

12. HTG-AP的血液净化治疗时机及模式

推荐意见15 仅采用无创治疗措施的HTG-AP患者,若入院24~48 h后血清TG水平仍>1000 mg/dL(11.3 mmol/L)或降幅未达到50%,建议实施血液净化治疗。

推荐意见16 血浆置换是降低HTG-AP患者血清TG水平的有效方法之一。

推荐意见17 可为重症型HTG-AP患者实施组合式血液净化。

血液净化不仅可清除毒素、炎性因子(如白介素-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α)等,还可纠正水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,有利于维持内环境稳定。

12.1 血液净化的治疗时机

建议入院后仅采用无创治疗措施但24~48 h后血清TG水平仍>1000 mg/dL(11.3 mmol/L)或降幅未达到50%的HTG-AP患者采用血液净化治疗。

12.2 血液净化的治疗模式

目前国内外用以降低血清TG水平的血液净化治疗模式主要为血液滤过、血液灌流和血浆置换。

12.2.1 血液滤过 通过模仿正常人的肾小球滤过和肾小管重吸收而在体外循环的过滤器中形成压力差,以对流方式通过滤过膜滤出体液中的溶质、溶剂,可有效降低血清TG水平。临床常用于治疗HTG-AP以降低血清TG水平的血液滤过模式包括连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuousveno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)、连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration,CVVHDF)。研究表明,CVVH联合应用乌司他丁不仅能有效减轻患者炎性反应及氧化应激水平,而且能保护患者血管内皮功能。

另外,一项针对66例HTG-AP患者的随机试验证实, 高容量血液滤过(high volume hemofiltration,HVHF)能够在9 h内迅速降低患者血清TG水平,但采用 HVHF治疗的患者总体临床结局与采用肝素和胰岛素治疗者相当。

12.2.2 血液灌流 通过具有强大吸附作用的血液灌流器而清除血液中大分子炎性物质及特异性毒物。有小样本量临床观察性研究发现,采用具有脂质吸附作用的血液灌流 器可有效降低血液中脂类物质浓度。研究发现,血液滤过联合血液灌流是一种有效的 降低HTG-AP患者血清TG水平的方法,也可降低因高脂血症引起的AP发生风险。

12.2.3 血浆置换 包括单重血浆置换、双重滤过血浆置换、血浆吸附。

(1)单重血浆置换,指使用血浆分离器将含有致病因子的血浆分离并全部废弃,同时补充等量新鲜冰冻血浆或白蛋白溶液的治疗方法,可快速降低TG水平,进而减轻其对胰腺造成的持续损伤,因此可早期使用。

(2)双重滤过血浆置换,指先使用血浆分离器分离血浆,然后通过更小孔径的血浆成分分离器清除血浆中相对分子量远大于白蛋白的致病物质(如免疫球蛋白、脂蛋白、免疫复合物等),而白蛋白等相对分子量较低的成分则伴随补液(白蛋白溶液 / 新鲜冰冻血浆)回输进入患者体内的治疗方法。研究表明,双重滤过血浆置换可调节机体免疫系统、清除抗体、恢复细胞免疫功能和网状内皮细胞吞噬功能,与使用大量新鲜冰冻血浆的单重血浆置换相比,双重滤过血浆置换可不用或仅使用少量血液制品进行补液,感染风险有所降低。Carrillo等通过小样本量研究发现,双重滤过血浆置换可作为HTG-AP的快速且有效的治疗方法之一。

(3)血浆吸附,指先使用血浆分离器分离血浆,然后通过吸附器对血浆成分进行特异性、选择性吸附进而清除致病物质的治疗方法。

有研究表明,HTG-AP患者即使延迟进行血浆置换也仍对降低病死率有利,但由于血浆置换成本较高、存在过敏等输血并发症发生风险、操作技术相对复杂等,因此其应用受限。然而,即使缺乏高质量的研究证据,2014年美国血浆置换治疗学会(American Society for Apheresis,ASFA)仍推荐血浆置换用于治疗高甘油三酯血症。与血液灌流、血液滤过相比,血浆置换降低TG水平的效果更明确,而若条件允许,则可优选血浆吸附、双重滤过血浆置换。

HTG-AP 患者血浆置换方案:

a. 可通过双腔中心静脉导管实施;

b. 使用枸橼酸盐代替肝素作为抗凝剂是有益的;

c. 液体替代品可选择血浆或 5% 白蛋白;

d. 使用Kaplan公式计算血浆体积,血浆体积=[0.065×质量(kg)]×(1-血细胞比容) ,每次置换1.2~1.5倍血浆体积;

e. 血浆置换的次数根据具体TG水平控制目标确定。

研究表明,血浆置换联合胰岛素治疗除可有效降低HTG-AP患者TG水平外,还可有效减轻炎性反应、缩短临床症状持续时间、改善患者预后。

13. HTG-AP 患者的营养支持方法及脂肪乳应用方案

推荐意见18 HTG-AP患者的营养支持方法首选肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN),建议采用标准化配方,从“滋养型喂养”过渡至营养支持目标热量。

推荐意见19 若对EN耐受性差或实施EN支持1周后仍不能达到营养支持目标热量的 60%,则应启动全肠外营养或补充性肠外营养。

2018年《美国胃肠病学会急性胰腺炎初始治疗指南》通过汇总11项随机对照试验发现,早期进食组与延迟进食组患者的病死率无明显差异,但延迟进食组患者因胰腺坏 死需接受进一步干预的风险是早期进食组患者的2.5倍,且感染性胰周坏死、多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)及其他严重并发症的发生率也较高。因此,早期EN是HTG-AP患者首选营养支持方法。

13.1 EN 支持时机

由于“唤醒肠道”对患者的作用优于“肠道休息”,因此轻症型HTG-AP患者如可耐受经口进食,则建议于24 h内开放饮食;血流动力学不稳定甚至需血管活性药物支持的中度重症型HTG-AP患者并发非闭塞性肠系膜缺血的风险升高,因此无法耐受经口饮食,建议于血流动力学稳定后的24 h内放置肠道营养管以启动EN。

13.2 EN 支持方案

a. HTG-AP患者在急性期可接受“允许性低热量”[20~25 kcal/(kg·d)] 并根据耐受性逐渐增加至目标热量 [30~35 kcal/(kg·d)]。

b. 腹内压 ≤15 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)时HTG-AP患者接受EN的耐受性良好,但若无法耐受早期EN,则进行营养支持时需进行耐受性监测/评估。

c. 实施EN支持1周后,若HTG-AP患者无法耐受或不能达到营养支持目标热量的 60%,则应启动全肠外营养或补充性肠外营养。

d. 发病4周仍未痊愈的HTG-AP患者多处于并发症高发期,此时若无法实施EN则应尽早实施肠外营养。

13.3 EN 支持途径

鼻胃管和鼻空肠营养管对HTG-AP患者营养状态的改善程度与耐受性相关。

13.4 EN 耐受性评估

应包含针对呕吐、反流发生风险和腹胀、腹泻以及疼痛等多方面的评估。不耐受时的处置措施包括:持续输注,减慢输注速度,下移鼻肠管放置水平,肠内营养剂型从预 消化型营养液(如氨基酸型或短肽类制剂)逐步过渡为整蛋白类制剂。

推荐意见20 发病72 h后腹痛已缓解且血清TG水平≤500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)的HTG-AP患者可谨慎应用短、中链脂肪乳,但需严密监测血清TG水平。

HTG-AP患者脂肪乳应用方案:HTG-AP患者脂肪乳应用方案:

a. 发病72 h内禁用任何脂肪乳剂;

b. 发病72 h后腹痛已缓解且血清TG水平≤500 mg/dL(5.65 mmol/L)者,如血糖控制不佳,可根据营养支持目标谨慎应用短、中链脂肪乳并监测血清TG水平,血清 TG水平>500 mg/ dL(5.65 mmol/L)时停用。

14. HTG-AP的抗感染治疗策略?

推荐意见21 不推荐对HTG-AP患者常规进行预防性抗感染治疗。

虽然胰腺和胰周组织感染引起的MODS是导致HTG-AP患者后期死亡的主要原因,但由于HTG-AP属非感染性疾病,预防性使用抗生素并不能降低HTG-AP患者后期感染的发生率和病死率,且抗菌药物的过度使用反而会增加难辨梭状芽孢杆菌肠炎的发生风险,因此不推荐对HTG-AP患者常规进行预防性抗感染治疗。此外,虽然真菌感染与HTG-AP患者胰腺坏死程度呈正相关,但尚无足够证据支持预防性抗真菌治疗可使 HTG-AP患者获益。

推荐意见22 检测C反应蛋白、降钙素原有助于判断HTG-AP患者胰腺或胰周组织感染并指导临床选用抗菌药物。C反应蛋白和降钙素原可有效预测HTG-AP患者胰腺和胰周组织感染及感染伴发持续性器官功能衰竭,联合CT检查则有助于诊断胰腺和胰周组织感染。

推荐意见23 对于高度可疑或证实为HTG-AP合并感染者,经验性抗感染治疗需覆盖需氧菌、厌氧菌以及革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌,不建议进行预防性抗真菌治疗。

推荐意见24 使用抗菌药物前应进行病原学检测,以进行针对性抗感染治疗。

HTG-AP的抗感染策略 :

1. 经验性抗感染治疗需覆盖需氧菌、厌氧菌及革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌;

2. 推荐抗菌药物:碳青霉烯类、青霉素类+β内酰胺酶抑制剂、第三代头孢菌素+β内酰胺酶抑制剂、氟喹诺酮类。

15. 如何进行HTG-AP患者的疼痛管理?

推荐意见25 HTG-AP患者入院24 h内应接受合理的镇痛镇静治疗,但禁用丙泊酚。

推荐意见26 HTG-AP患者镇痛、镇静管理过程中应进行疼痛及精神评估。

腹痛是HTG-AP患者最主要的临床症状。除疼痛外,各种有创操作以及ICU环境因素、患者对疾病的认知因素等均可使重症型HTG-AP患者产生焦虑、惊恐、抑郁、躁动、谵妄等,从而导致治疗配合度降低并影响预后。合理镇痛、镇静治疗不仅可降低机体代谢及氧耗以适应受损器官的氧供需水平,而且可减轻各种应激所致病理性损伤、促进受损器官功能恢复,有利于改善重症型HTG-AP患者预后。

虽然2018年美国《重症监护室成年患者疼痛、躁动/镇静、谵妄、制动和睡眠障碍预防和管理临床实践指南》推荐优选丙泊酚或右美托咪定用于维持ICU患者轻度镇痛、 镇静状态,但对于HTG-AP患者,应避免应用可导致血脂升高的镇痛镇静药物,如丙泊酚等。有研究证实,酒石酸布托啡诺镇痛镇静安全性高,可用于HTG-AP患者的镇痛镇静。

16. 如何进行HTG-AP患者的血糖管理?

推荐意见27 建议应用胰岛素控制HTG-AP患者的血糖。

推荐意见28 对于HTG-AP患者,总体血糖应控制在200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)以下,控制目标为110~150 mg/dL(6.1 ~ 8.3 mmol/L)。

HTG-AP患者因胰腺损伤、应激反应以及代谢紊乱等,可出现血糖异常且难以控制,应用胰岛素除可控制血糖外, 还可有效降低血清TG水平。将HTG-AP患者血糖控制在200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/L)以下可促进血清TG水平降低,而HTG-AP患者总体血糖控制目标为110~150 mg/dL(6.1~8.3mmol/L)。

17. HTG-AP治疗中还需注意哪些事项?

推荐意见29 对于HTG-AP患者的治疗,除以上几 个方面外还应注重液体复苏、减少胰液分泌、改善胰腺微循环等其他常规治疗措施,同时重视并发症的治疗以及手术治疗的时机,并可结合中医治疗。

作为AP的一种类型,除病因治疗、基因治疗外,HTG-AP的其他治疗与其他病因所致 AP大致相同,但由于早期手术可能增加HTG-AP患者多脏器功能障碍发生风险甚至导致死亡,因此,HTG-AP急性期应以非手术治疗为主。

17.1 常规治疗

应尽早进行液体复苏,建议采用目标导向策略,综合血流动力学监测、超声评估情况及实验室检查指标等,于发病72 h内应用等渗晶体液(如乳酸林格氏液等)复苏。采取禁食、胃肠减压等措施及使用质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitor,PPI)、生长抑素及其类似物等以减少胰液分泌。应用生长抑素降低胰腺外分泌水平,应用生长抑素联合PPI保护肠黏膜、降低腹内压,应用乌司他丁等蛋白酶抑制剂抑制胰蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、磷脂酶A等释放及其活性以稳定溶酶体膜并改善炎性反应失衡情况,从而改善胰腺微循环。

17.2 并发症的治疗

针对急性胃肠损伤(acute gastrointestinal injury,AGI)、 腹腔内高压(intra-abdominal hypertension,IAH)、腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)、 急性肾损伤、积液和坏死、消化道瘘、术后腹腔大出血、静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thrombus embolism,VTE)并发症,可参考AP 以及相应疾病的指南或专家共识。

17.3 中医治疗

因具有多靶点、多靶位、综合调节等作用,在西医常规治疗的基础上配合中医特色治疗手段(如口服、灌肠和烫疗等),使用经典方剂如大柴胡汤、清胰汤、大承气汤等 能保护患者肠黏膜屏障功能,防止菌群移位,减少肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-6的分泌,减轻细胞间通透性,从而缩短病程,减少并发症的发生,降低患者病死率。

17.4 手术治疗

分为微创与开腹手术两大类,其中开腹手术并发症的发生率和患者病死率较高。HTG-AP患者出现ACS、胰腺坏死继发感染等并发症时,可实施手术治疗,但应在病情允许的前提下尽可能延迟至发病4周后手术,并采取“进阶梯”策 略实施经皮或经胃穿刺引流以及在必要情况下实施的经微创入路坏死组织清除术等,以尽可能地减少对有活力组织的损伤,并最大程度地减少术中以及术后出血。

推荐意见30 心理及康复治疗是HTG-AP综合性治疗的重要环节,应贯穿HTG-AP 诊治全程。

17.5 心理治疗

HTG-AP患者会出现恐慌、孤独、焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪,进而导致治疗依从性、治疗信心降低及不同程度的应激反应,甚至影响内分泌水平与免疫功能,最终造成并 发症发生率升高,患者预后甚至生存质量受到影响。因此,HTG-AP患者的心理治疗不容忽视。

17.6 康复治疗

应贯穿HTG-AP患者诊治全程。可请康复医师进行干预以预防重症型HTG-AP患者出现ICU获得性肌无力、球麻痹以及血栓性疾病等。出院后,HTG-AP患者仍需接受包括疾病知识普及、诱因治疗甚至慢病管理、后遗症康复方法等方面的干预,以避免 HTG-AP复发,从而改善远期预后、提升生存质量。

虽然目前国内外有较多的关于AP诊治的指南或专家共识,但其中针对HTG-AP诊治的描述均较为简单。HTG-AP易重症化、易复发,但其针对性治疗方法与其他病因所致 AP并不完全相同,尤其是原发病即高甘油三酯血症的治疗方案尚未统一,临床救治工作存在一定困难。近年来HTG-AP发病率逐年升高,基于国内外相关研究进展,结合国内急重症领域专家临床诊治经验,针对HTG-AP的诊断、治疗形成本共识,旨在为HTG-AP的临床诊治提供参考, 提高患者治疗效果并改善患者预后,同时为急重症领域深 入开展相关研究提供思路。

参考文献:高甘油三酯血症性急性胰腺炎诊治急诊专家共识 [J] . 中华急诊医学杂志, 2021, 30(8) : 937-947.

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    2022-05-05 我可是练过的

    受教了

    0

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    2022-03-27 ms2000000182667314

    xuexile

    0

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    2022-02-14 729787690

    谢谢分享!

    0

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    2021-12-29 天婧

    受教了

    0

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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654736, encodeId=35081654e3606, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edc610251468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高甘油三酯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102514, encryptionId=edc610251468, topicName=高甘油三酯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f5a424532179, createdName=flyingeagle85, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 22:37:40 CST 2022, time=2022-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1845892, encodeId=65dc1845892fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Thu Apr 21 11:37:40 CST 2022, time=2022-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217051, encodeId=be0b121e05130, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4fbe5581409, createdName=我可是练过的, createdTime=Thu May 05 14:12:45 CST 2022, time=2022-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1206375, encodeId=ddd112063e5c5, content=xuexile, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a0a85549889, createdName=ms2000000182667314, createdTime=Sun Mar 27 15:20:59 CST 2022, time=2022-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193305, encodeId=669711933053b, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b5d3045764, createdName=729787690, createdTime=Mon Feb 14 14:31:18 CST 2022, time=2022-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1085449, encodeId=0bd31085449f6, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210721/634efbe469ac4de4adbb705d254ecc73/40d470f00d2a4659bd6a9773e6ebdf18.jpg, createdBy=54092212914, createdName=天婧, createdTime=Wed Dec 29 14:31:03 CST 2021, time=2021-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486784, encodeId=fab01486e84ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ca1102515ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高甘油三酯血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102515, encryptionId=8ca1102515ec, topicName=高甘油三酯血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91bf8208819, createdName=bioon4, createdTime=Sun Dec 26 02:37:40 CST 2021, time=2021-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083894, encodeId=5ad610838945a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46ce580e865' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠肺炎#</a>点赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58078, encryptionId=46ce580e865, topicName=新冠肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211229/06a76a2523f847ee942d4607596da751/77e2b986f5b44ff7968842b4e64e6621.jpg, createdBy=e4256406712, createdName=ms7000002136561391, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 13:56:05 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083869, encodeId=e7301083869e2, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d6a26422343, createdName=ms1000001255345397, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 11:49:52 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083864, encodeId=37571083864c7, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5c7a5706011, createdName=ms6000002054994908, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 11:38:19 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654736, encodeId=35081654e3606, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edc610251468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高甘油三酯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102514, encryptionId=edc610251468, topicName=高甘油三酯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f5a424532179, createdName=flyingeagle85, createdTime=Sun Mar 20 22:37:40 CST 2022, time=2022-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1845892, encodeId=65dc1845892fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Thu Apr 21 11:37:40 CST 2022, time=2022-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1217051, encodeId=be0b121e05130, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4fbe5581409, createdName=我可是练过的, createdTime=Thu May 05 14:12:45 CST 2022, time=2022-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1206375, encodeId=ddd112063e5c5, content=xuexile, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a0a85549889, createdName=ms2000000182667314, createdTime=Sun Mar 27 15:20:59 CST 2022, time=2022-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193305, encodeId=669711933053b, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b5d3045764, createdName=729787690, createdTime=Mon Feb 14 14:31:18 CST 2022, time=2022-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1085449, encodeId=0bd31085449f6, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210721/634efbe469ac4de4adbb705d254ecc73/40d470f00d2a4659bd6a9773e6ebdf18.jpg, createdBy=54092212914, createdName=天婧, createdTime=Wed Dec 29 14:31:03 CST 2021, time=2021-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1486784, encodeId=fab01486e84ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ca1102515ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高甘油三酯血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102515, encryptionId=8ca1102515ec, topicName=高甘油三酯血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91bf8208819, createdName=bioon4, createdTime=Sun Dec 26 02:37:40 CST 2021, time=2021-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083894, encodeId=5ad610838945a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46ce580e865' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠肺炎#</a>点赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58078, encryptionId=46ce580e865, topicName=新冠肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211229/06a76a2523f847ee942d4607596da751/77e2b986f5b44ff7968842b4e64e6621.jpg, createdBy=e4256406712, createdName=ms7000002136561391, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 13:56:05 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083869, encodeId=e7301083869e2, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d6a26422343, createdName=ms1000001255345397, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 11:49:52 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1083864, encodeId=37571083864c7, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5c7a5706011, createdName=ms6000002054994908, createdTime=Fri Dec 24 11:38:19 CST 2021, time=2021-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-24 ms1000001255345397

    受教了

    0

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    2021-12-24 ms6000002054994908

    0

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