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中国医师职业精神缺乏,谁之过?

2015-05-18 佚名 健康报

2015年4月1日出版的《新英格兰医学》杂志发表了题为《来自东方的经验教训——中国正在快速的改革医疗保健系统》的文章。文章的作者分别是美国全国公民基金会的戴维·布卢门撒尔和哈佛大学的威廉·肖。他们在文中指出:“缺乏广泛分布的专业精神传统,使得中国创建一支政府和公众都信任的医疗保健队伍的努力变得复杂。”该文在国内的医务界引起了相当大的反响。那么,究竟什么是医学职业精神,什么导致了我们的医学职业精神不

2015年4月1日出版的《新英格兰医学》杂志发表了题为《来自东方的经验教训——中国正在快速的改革医疗保健系统》的文章。文章的作者分别是美国全国公民基金会的戴维·布卢门撒尔和哈佛大学的威廉·肖。他们在文中指出:“缺乏广泛分布的专业精神传统,使得中国创建一支政府和公众都信任的医疗保健队伍的努力变得复杂。”该文在国内的医务界引起了相当大的反响。那么,究竟什么是医学职业精神,什么导致了我们的医学职业精神不尽人意看看专家怎么说:

“医生代表谁”是个关键问题

作者:丛亚丽

在我国,医生有时在自我利益与社会利益之间游移,文章作者提到的我们缺乏医师职业精神,大概指的是这层含义

医生要代表你自己——作为一个社会所依靠的行业的“自己”,对于职业精神有个通俗的说法就是“自己管自己”

对医务人员“尊严”最简单直接的理解即是:医务人员有责任遵守伦理法律规范,但也有权利以合法的形式获得合理的报酬

新英格兰医学杂志关于中国医改的文章中提到了一些经验教训,也提到中国医生缺乏医师职业精神(即Medical professionalism)。

首先,需明确一下这个概念。对于Medical professionalism,有两种普遍接受的翻译——“医学专业精神”和“医师职业精神”。在内涵上“医学专业精神”比“医师职业精神”在字义上更符合英文原意,但这两个概念都没有真正涵盖其本来的多重含义。不过,我国业界更习惯于“医师职业精神”的翻译。概括地讲,其内涵就是指医疗行业向社会承诺的3个原则和10项责任:3个原则即患者权益至上、患者自主和社会公正;10个责任包括提高业务能力的责任、对患者诚实的责任、为患者保密的责任、对有限的资源进行公平分配的责任及通过解决利益冲突而维护信任的责任等等。

具体到医生这个职业,它究竟是单纯养家糊口的工作还是一种使命?在医疗卫生改革中,医务人员应该是起引领作用还是做被动跟随者?当我们去琢磨这些问题的时候,会发现医生有时在自我利益与社会利益之间游移。或者说,医生担心的是短期利益,对于医生群体的作为与其长远利益的一致性没能看清楚。我想,文章作者提到的我们缺乏医师职业精神,大概指的是这层含义。

国内对医师职业精神现状的调查显示:约68%的医生认同患者利益至上。而同期美国的调查是,95%以上的医生认同患者利益至上。由此可见,我们与美国相比确实存在差异。但这只是表面现象,是结果,而非原因。不管是从职业精神的内涵看,还是从调查呈现的结果看,似乎都表明,我们在一定程度上存在医师职业精神缺乏的问题,但这是谁之过?

2006年4月5日张维迎在《健康报》发表过一篇关于医疗体制改革的文章,就市场和政府、医生的激励机制等问题做了一番探讨。其中提到一个根本的问题:“医生究竟是谁的代理人?他们是政府的代理人还是药厂的代理人,抑或患者的代理人?”在文中,他直言:“在一个健康的医疗市场下,医生应该是患者的代理人,应该是站在患者的角度,为患者提供服务,然后再处理与其他方面的关系。”

对此,医生群体或者会说,这不是我们的问题,而是国家、政策、政府、医院导向的问题。但我们看到的现象是:患者习惯于把医生和医院看做一体。假设是因为国家政策、医院的经营模式等出了问题而导致患者的不信任,这种不信任最后确实是通过归咎于医生个人和医生群体来表达的。

从这个意义上而言,张维迎提出的“医生代表谁”是个关键问题。医生要代表你自己——作为一个社会所依靠的行业的自己,对于职业精神有个通俗的说法就是“自己管自己”。理论上,医生需要有一个自己行业的专业组织(如学会、协会)来发声,但我国,学会在这方面意识不强。历史上,医生行会组织的传统就薄弱,力量就不强,主要原因是因为我们有强大的行政力量。即便是现在,我们医生行业组织还在不自觉地去借助行政力量来做本来应是学会自己该做的事情。事实上,现在政府已非常明确“小政府,大社会”的理念。我们学会组织应从过去依赖行政机关赋权的窠臼中走出来,学会用自己的专业知识和服务去树立真正的权威。

从医院层面看,我们都清楚,现在医院是通过延长医生的劳动时间来获得利润,理由是患者太多了。虽然医生很不高兴,但因为人在机构内,是被雇佣者,无法对抗这种做法,除非离职。这背后其实也存在医师职业精神缺乏的问题,因为没有人从医生群体和社会的盟约方面考虑来抵制医院的这种做法。医院内的医生没有形成一个群体,没有争取合适的途径去实现自己的合理诉求。对医生来说,离职是最不理性的手段,组织和学会这种行业的力量,应是扭转一些不正常机制的可能的力量。

医生的薪酬,也是值得深思的问题。钟南山以“广州医生去年工资4.6万元,实际收入超19万元”为题所做的一个报告,分析了一下当前医生的收入,并提到,政府一些部门和公众认为医生是通过很多不合理的途径获得大量的灰色收入,所以行为是恶劣的。就医生的收入问题,我也在广州市的三甲医院做过一些调查,发现2012年医生的平均收入账面上是41077元,但是实际收入(包括各种补贴)合计是176320元;2013年账面的收入工资是46012元,实际收入达19万元。这个收入比广东的公务员、普通事业单位的职工的工资要高。工作强度大、风险高,加上医学教育学制长,这些都表明,医生的薪酬在某种程度上应该要比一般行业高。那么,究竟确定一个怎样的薪酬标准才能体现医务人员的价值,却没有明确的说法。

目前,我国公立医院是典型的国有民营制的运行模式,医院为了保证医生的收入和医院的运行需要扩大病床数量,设置分院,甚至以增加检查项目、分解手术和麻醉程序的办法来增加收入。这些不正当做法直接导致了与患者的经济利益的矛盾。医生收入相对的合理性和收入来源的不合理性成了矛盾的一大症结。而医生群体也多对实际的收入相对满意,并不去追求以合理合法的方式得到同样相对满意的收入水平。

职业精神研究表明,我们医生群体需要认识到:要让自己的收入能放在阳光下,而不是一方面窃喜于相对满意的实际收入,另一方面又不愿意承受社会对其灰色收入来源的指责。其实,对医务人员“尊严”最简单直接的理解即是:医务人员有责任遵守伦理法律规范,但也有权利以合法的形式获得合理的报酬。

另外,对于诸多的医疗场所暴力,我们目前所急于采取的措施多着力于卫生部门和公安部门联合公布《关于维护医疗机构秩序的通告》,要求每20张床配一个保安……对于犯罪行为,自然需要法律解决,但对于还需要延伸做的工作,似乎没有多少医生去关注。比如,在推动公安和法律措施的同时,为什么不主要从内部行业建设和职业精神建设入手去解决医疗暴力问题?不从内部找更深层次的原因,而是动刀动枪地向社会发出这样的通告,这又置医生群体与患者群体的关系于什么地位呢?

总之,医师职业精神的建设需要大家群策群议,更需要每个个体有担当的意识,从根本上进行建设。

(来源:健康报,节选丛亚丽老师的评论,作者系北京大学医学人文研究院副院长,北京大学医学部中美医师职业精神研究中心副主任、学术委员会委员)

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    2017-12-13 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2015-05-21 午夜星河

    一个医生养5个人后勤

    0

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    2015-05-18 yydlt

    主要很多领导人不愿意放弃这些利益!

    0

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    2015-05-18 yydlt

    20%的人花80%的人医保!

    0

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    2015-05-18 Dr.LV

    到底谁之过?

    0

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    2015-05-18 yydlt

    全部私有化!

    0

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