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Science:人类首次看到了胚胎发育的“高清”过程

2018-05-02 佚名 学术经纬

过去我们只能看见群星,如今我们却已能仰望整片宇宙。

无论是简单如蠕虫,还是复杂如人类,所有的多细胞生物都有一个共同点——它们都从一个细胞发育而来。

稍微了解生物发育的人都知道,从受精卵到胚胎的发育过程堪称奇迹。它需要细胞不断进行分裂,从一到二,从二到四,从四到八……

非洲爪蟾的胚胎发育过程(图片来源:《科学》)

每一个新生成的细胞,都要在正确的时间,出现在正确的位置;每一个新生成的细胞,都要和自己的邻居紧密合作,执行精准的生理功能。

有人说,这是自然界最为精彩的一幕。但人类经过了几十年的探索,对胚胎发育的了解依然有限。

而哈佛大学与哈佛医学院的科研人员彻底改变了我们的认知。最近,他们的研究在线刊登在了《科学》杂志上。

不是一篇,而是三篇!

《科学》一下子发表了3篇研究(图片来源:《科学》)

这三篇研究都用到了一个关键的技术——单细胞测序。

我们知道,每一个细胞里都含有生物完整的基因组。但它们只会从中挑出一些关键基因来实现自己的功能。这有点像一座大楼的建造蓝图只有一张,但不同的建筑工人在建造不同的区域时,查询的是蓝图的不同部分。

常规的测序技术会把遗传信息一锅端,无法从杂乱无章的测序结果中找到洞见。

单细胞测序技术中用到的细胞分离手段(图片来源:《科学》)

而单细胞技术可以分离出单个细胞,对其中的遗传信息进行分析,知道哪些基因被开启,哪些基因被关闭。这就好像挨个询问建筑工人,而他们向你汇报自己的工作任务一般。

在非洲爪蟾和斑马鱼这两大重要的实验动物里,研究人员们从遗传角度,绘制出了它们的胚胎发育图谱。而每一个胚胎细胞里的基因表达情况,都指向了它们的发育方向。

我们能看到每一个细胞的发育方向(图片来源:《科学》)

分辨率达到单细胞级的研究,直接颠覆了我们的一些固有认知。譬如在过去,科学家们认为只要一个细胞认准了一条发育道路,就会耿直地走到底。但这几项研究表明,结果并非如此。一些细胞在发育过程中,基因活性会发生突然的改变,让这些细胞发育成其他的类型。

“(生物发育的)画卷比我们过去设想的要复杂得多。”一名研究负责人说道。

这充分体现了该结果的重要性。事实上,一些发育学家指出,单细胞里的基因表达情况,甚至可以作为“基因配方”,告诉我们只要激活哪些基因,就能发育成特定的细胞。这一前所未有的工具,对于生物学科研有着极大的重要性。

“过去我们只能看见群星,如今我们却已能仰望整片宇宙。”另一名研究负责人评论道。

原始出处:

[1] Jeffrey A. Farrell, Yiqun Wang1, Samantha J. Riesenfeld, et.al. Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis. Science 26 Apr 2018

[2] Daniel E. Wagner, Caleb Weinreb, Zach M. Collins, et.al. Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo. Science 26 Apr 2018

[3] James A. Briggs, Caleb Weinreb, Daniel E. Wagner, et.al. The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution. Science 26 Apr 2018

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    2018-05-04 ailian1202
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    2018-05-04 neurowu
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    2018-05-04 jichang
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    2018-05-02 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-05-02 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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4月27日,清华-北大生命科学联合中心、北京大学生命科学学院BIOPIC中心汤富酬研究组与北医三院乔杰研究组在Cell Stem Cell杂志在线发表了一篇研究论文,首次在单细胞分辨率和全转录组水平,系统阐明了人类胚胎性腺中生殖细胞及其微环境细胞发育过程中的基因表达图谱及其调控机理。

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