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Nat Protoc:利用CRISPR/Cas系统构建出了多个基因突变的大鼠品系

2014-10-04 MedSci MedSci原创

来自华东师范大学的研究人员通过将RNA直接注入到单细胞胚胎中,利用CRISPR/Cas系统构建出了多个基因突变的大鼠品系。这一重要的研究成果发布在9月25日的《Nature Protocols》杂志上。华东师范大学生科院生命医学研究所刘明耀(Mingyao Liu)教授和李大力(Dali Li)副教授是这篇论文的共同通讯作者。前者主要从事G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)在个体发育和重大疾病发生发展过

来自华东师范大学的研究人员通过将RNA直接注入到单细胞胚胎中,利用CRISPR/Cas系统构建出了多个基因突变的大鼠品系。这一重要的研究成果发布在9月25日的《Nature Protocols》杂志上。

华东师范大学生科院生命医学研究所刘明耀(Mingyao Liu)教授和李大力(Dali Li)副教授是这篇论文的共同通讯作者。前者主要从事G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)在个体发育和重大疾病发生发展过程中的功能及信号转导机理研究,从而进行靶向新药研发。后者主要研究领域是结合分子生物学手段及转基因、小鼠基因敲除技术研究GPCR和组蛋白修饰酶的生物学功能。

基因敲除动物模型一直以来是在活体动物上开展基因功能研究、寻找合适药物作用靶标的重要工具。但传统的基因敲除方法需要通过打靶载体构建、ES细胞筛选、嵌合体小鼠选育等一系列步骤,不仅流程繁琐、技术要求很高,而且费用大、耗时较长,成功率受到多方面因素的限制。

近几年来,科学家一直在寻求更加精确的基因组编辑方法。生物学家们发现,他们可通过添加一种切割DNA的核酸酶来提高这一过程的效率。锌指核酸酶(ZFN)通常用于将核酸酶递送到某一特定位点,然而由于锌指酶无法靶向每一种可能的DNA序列,限制了它们的应用。此外,组装这些蛋白也是一个费劳力的昂贵的过程。称作转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(transcription activator-like effector nucleases,TALENs)的复合物,也可用于在特异位点切割基因组,但这些复合物同样昂贵,且难于组装。

CRISPR/Cas是细菌和古细菌在长期演化过程中形成的一种适应性免疫防御,可用来对抗入侵的病毒及外源DNA。CRISPR被分为三个主要类型,内切核酸酶Cas9属于研究最深入的II型CRISPR/Cas系统。CRISPR/Cas依赖于Cas9,通过单导向RNAs(single- guide RNAs,sgRNAs)可在特定的位点切割DNA。继ZFN、ES 细胞打靶和 TALEN 等技术后,CRISPR-Cas 技术成为可用于定点构建基因敲除大、小鼠动物的第四种方法,且有效率高、速度快、生殖系转移能力强及简单经济的特点,在动物模型构建的应用前景将非常广阔。

在这篇文章中作者们报告称,通过将RNAs直接注入到单细胞胚胎中,他们利用CRISPR/Cas系统构建出了多个基因突变的大鼠品系,证实在大鼠中Cas9能够高效地介导基因编辑,同时生成复合基因突变体模型。

作者们详细描述了逐步构建出基因敲除(knockout)和基因敲入(knock-in)大鼠的程序。这一实验方案为我们提供了一份指南,如何来选择基因组靶点、合成导向RNAs、设计和构建同源重组(HR)模板载体、显微注射,以及在首建鼠(founder)和后代中检测突变及插入。从靶点设计到鉴别首建鼠只需要6周,其中不到10天是真正的动手工作时间。

CRISPR-Cas源自细菌和古细菌的免疫系统,可利用靶点特异性的RNA将Cas9核酸酶带到基因组上的具体靶点,从而对特定基因位点进行切割导致突变。该课题组将该技术运用到基因敲除小鼠和大鼠动物模型的构建之中。研究发现:RNA注射的方式将CRISPR-Cas系统导入小鼠受精卵比DNA注射能更有效的在胚胎中产生定点突变;该方法无小鼠遗传品系的限制,能够对大片段的基因组DNA进行删除;同时注射针对不同基因的RNA序列能够在同一只小鼠或大鼠中产生多个基因突变。此外,课题组利用CRISPR-Cas技术构建的基因敲除大鼠模型与传统方法构建的同一基因(肥胖相关G蛋白偶联受体Mc4R)突变大鼠具有一致的表型。

CRISPR-Cas 技术是继锌指核酸酶(ZFN)、ES 细胞打靶和 TALEN 等技术后可用于定点构建基因敲除大、小鼠动物的第四种方法,且有效率高、速度快、生殖系转移能力强及简单经济的特点,在动物模型构建的应用前景将非常广阔。目前该团队已经利用该项技术为上海市计划生育研究所、上海市东方医院、上海交大和复旦大学等科研单位和医药公司提供了多项动物模型构建服务。

原始出处:
Shao Y, Guan Y, Wang L, Qiu Z, Liu M, Chen Y, Wu L, Li Y, Ma X, Liu M, Li D.CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in the rat via direct injection of one-cell embryos. Nat Protoc. 2014 Oct;9(10):2493-512. 

Li D, Qiu Z, Shao Y, Chen Y, Guan Y, Liu M, Li Y, Gao N, Wang L, Lu X, Zhao Y, Liu M.Heritable gene targeting in the mouse and rat using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Aug;31(8):681-3.

Qiu Z, Liu M, Chen Z, Shao Y, Pan H, Wei G, Yu C, Zhang L, Li X, Wang P, Fan HY, Du B, Liu B, Liu M, Li D.High-efficiency and heritable gene targeting in mouse by transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jun;41(11):e120.

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    2015-08-29 liye789132251
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    2014-10-06 yuandd
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    2014-10-06 sunylz
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    2014-10-06 yaanren

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