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Lancet Diab & Endo 和Lancet Psychiatry联手诠释糖尿病和精神障碍联系

2015-06-03 MedSci MedSci原创

精神科医生和糖尿病专家不能再单打独斗,是时候携手合作了。糖尿病患者比一般人群有较高的心理健康失调的风险,包括抑郁症和精神障碍;而精神障碍也是导致糖尿病高风险因素之一。但是医生对这种共病缺乏普遍认识,通常治疗跟不上步伐,这毫无疑问将加剧任一类型病症的长期并发症风险。这是问题过于复杂,并非一个科室就能解决。《柳叶刀·糖尿病及内分泌》和《柳叶刀·精神病》两杂志强强联手,发表了一系列的文章,涵盖了流行病学



精神科医生和糖尿病专家不能再单打独斗,是时候携手合作了。糖尿病患者比一般人群有较高的心理健康失调的风险,包括抑郁症和精神障碍;而精神障碍也是导致糖尿病高风险因素之一。但是医生对这种共病缺乏普遍认识,通常治疗跟不上步伐,这毫无疑问将加剧任一类型病症的长期并发症风险。这是问题过于复杂,并非一个科室就能解决。

柳叶刀·糖尿病及内分泌》和《柳叶刀·精神病》两杂志强强联手,发表了一系列的文章,涵盖了流行病学、病理生理学和糖尿病患者的两种常见的精神障碍的临床挑战:抑郁症和精神病。MedSci为你展示这个系列的精彩之处。(全篇仍在更新中,请和小M一起关注)

流行病学研究


糖尿病在精神障碍患者当中有着显著增高的患病率,精神障碍包括精神分裂症和分裂样情感障碍。因为在精神科中,有许多糖尿病并未被临床医师发现,究竟精神障碍患者当中糖尿病的发病率有多高,确切的流行病学数据很难估计。基于目前的几个研究数据,精神障碍患者的糖尿病发病率显著高于普通人群,患病率从1.26%到50%不等,中位患病率13%。

共病机制


抑郁症在1型和2型糖尿病病人中的发病率是普通人群的两倍,并且糖尿病人发生抑郁往往预后不良。越来越多的证据表明:抑郁症和2型糖尿病拥有着共同的致病机制,尤其表现在固有免疫的过度激活所引发的细胞因子介导下的炎症反应,可能共同有着下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的调节异常。

英国皇家精神科医学院的Calum D. Moulton及其同事对2型糖尿病与抑郁有共同生物学起源的积累证据进行分析。研究者指出提高对糖尿病和抑郁症共病机制的认识必然会对两种疾病同时有效治疗和症状转归大有裨益。

临床管理


目前来说,鉴于精神科医师对糖尿病认识的有限和系统治疗方式的不足,对血糖异常的低质量的医疗处理方式是导致病人预后较差的显著祸首。因此,一份深思熟虑的糖尿病共病药物治疗方案和精神障碍药物治疗的制定对于应对精神病人出现糖尿病征兆和症状是至关重要的。不管这份标准治疗方案是为精神科医师、一级护理的医护人员、还是内分泌医师所用,都对患者相当的受用。要想建立一套临床路径模型和密切配合的协作处理体系,有效整合医疗资源,内分泌和精神科的医师必须要坐在一起,多沟通多合作。

抑郁 vs.糖尿病心理痛苦

VU大学医学中心心理糖尿病学专家Frank J. Snoek教授及其同事开展一项研究,旨在区分糖尿病患者的抑郁与糖尿病-心理痛苦,此两种情况相关但又有区别。研究者发现,抑郁情况更为复杂,被定义为存在特定严重程度与持续期的明显症状。

糖尿病患者中的抑郁或部分由于患有慢性、自我管理的疾病带来的心理痛苦,但或也不仅限于此种关系。糖尿病-心理痛苦是个人针对患糖尿病、糖尿病管理、糖尿病并发症的情绪反应。

虽然此两种心理状态存在部分重叠,但却不完全同义,研究人员指出。两者都与较差的治疗依从性与血糖管理结局有关,但似乎不是源于同一潜在病因。基于数据的抑郁研究发现三个独立的抑郁特征:代谢-非典型性特征、慢性异常调控特征、忧郁焦虑特征。研究者认为,未来研究应深入认识这些特征,以建立针对性的治疗方案。

优化治疗

根据德国波鸿鲁尔大学身心医学部的Frank Petrak博士及其同事的研究,当前我们对糖尿病患者的抑郁的筛查与治疗还不充分。虽然有经过验证的筛查糖尿病患者抑郁的工具可供使用,除非后续有合适的治疗方式,否则这些诊断工具的效果始终受到限制。研究人员认为,因我们意识到共病糖尿病与抑郁的不良影响,针对这类患者的治疗策略应该像控制血糖一样,将其作为糖尿病治疗结局的一个标记来管理糖尿病。研究者指出,有研究发现1型与2型糖尿病中的抑郁可通过心理及药物方式得到有效治疗。而改善血糖控制方面,证据不确定:某些研究中,通过使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)或心理治疗,可少量至中等水平的改善血糖控制情况。

原始出处:

Diabetes and mental health disorders. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology and The Lancet Psychiatry.Published May 18, 2015

Diabetes and psychotic disorders.The Lancet Psychiatry Published: April 29, 2015

Depression and diabetes.The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.Published: May 18, 2015

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    2016-03-13 zhaojie88
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    2015-06-09 ljjj1053

    认真学习了

    0

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    2015-06-03 illustrator

    Useful

    0

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