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Nature:生男还是生女?古老病毒来决定

2016-04-05 佚名 生物谷

近日,一项刊登在Nature杂志上的研究中,来自耶鲁大学的科学家发表了一项突破性的研究成果,他们发现人类及其他哺乳动物的性别早在150万年前就由“嵌入”哺乳动物基因组中的关键病毒的一种简单修饰所确定了。研究者Andrew Xiao指出,从根本上来说,这些病毒可以促使哺乳动物的基因组不断进化,但同时其却带来了一定的不确定性,除了胚胎之外,科学家们发现这些病毒活跃的场所就是人类机体的肿瘤和神经元

近日,一项刊登在Nature杂志上的研究中,来自耶鲁大学的科学家发表了一项突破性的研究成果,他们发现人类及其他哺乳动物的性别早在150万年前就由“嵌入”哺乳动物基因组中的关键病毒的一种简单修饰所确定了。研究者Andrew Xiao指出,从根本上来说,这些病毒可以促使哺乳动物的基因组不断进化,但同时其却带来了一定的不确定性,除了胚胎之外,科学家们发现这些病毒活跃的场所就是人类机体的肿瘤和神经元了。

文章中,研究者揭示了早期胚胎在X染色体上关闭病毒活性的新型机制,而这最终将可以帮助确定有机体的性别,如果分子标志物的水平处于正常情况,X染色体就会持续保持活性,而雄性和雌性也将以等比率来出生,而如果分子标志物过度激活的话,那么X染色体将会沉默,最终引发雄性的出生比率是雌性的2倍。

Xiao说道,为何哺乳动物的性别比率可以被一种古老病毒的残留物所决定呢?这个问题让我们非常着迷;数千万年前,病毒开始入侵基因组并且在宿主的DNA中进行复制,研究者推测有超过40%的人类基因组是由古老病毒复制的残留物所组成的,很多情况下这些病毒残留物处于失活状态,但近来科学家们发现有时候这些病毒残留物在胚胎发育过程中扮演着重要角色,甚至可以推动哺乳动物的进化,研究者指出,小鼠基因组中处于活性状态的病毒影响性别比率只是相对近期的事件而已,而从进化学角度而言,这些活性的病毒实际上在X染色体中比较丰富。

同时研究者还阐明了如何促进这些病毒失活,他们在哺乳动物中发现的修饰作用仅仅是表观遗传学工具箱的一种“扩张”而已,在机体发育期间表观遗传修饰可以调节基因表达,但其实际上并不会改变基因的序列;比如说将一个甲基基团添加到腺嘌呤上后就可以沉默基因的表达,数十年来,很多科学家们都推测核苷酸胞嘧啶的修饰是哺乳动物中基因沉默的唯一形式。

研究人员或可利用本文的研究成果来帮助开发抑制癌症发生的新型策略,因为癌细胞也非常清楚如何拦截相同的病毒来进行扩散,在其它有机体中,比如线虫和果蝇中,这种机制完全起到了相反的作用,其不会抑制基因的表达,反倒会增强基因的表达;最后研究者Xiao说道,进化往往会利用相同的片段,但对于不同的目的而言,其或许就是这种情况。

原始出处:

Tao P. Wu,Tao Wang,Matthew G. Seetin,et al.DNA methylation on N6-adenine in mammalian embryonic stem cells.Nature.30 March 2016.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880983, encodeId=1fb818809831e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Jan 13 14:34:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76634, encodeId=47a7e6634f6, content=影响胚胎的性别因素,不是非常明确。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Sun Apr 10 01:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75730, encodeId=6d9ee5730f9, content=~~~~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75727, encodeId=fa1ae572788, content=看看89, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75728, encodeId=fe00e5728a9, content=啥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75729, encodeId=40e2e57295f, content=……, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=170, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-13 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880983, encodeId=1fb818809831e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Jan 13 14:34:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76634, encodeId=47a7e6634f6, content=影响胚胎的性别因素,不是非常明确。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Sun Apr 10 01:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75730, encodeId=6d9ee5730f9, content=~~~~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75727, encodeId=fa1ae572788, content=看看89, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75728, encodeId=fe00e5728a9, content=啥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75729, encodeId=40e2e57295f, content=……, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=170, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-10 Lisa971

    影响胚胎的性别因素,不是非常明确。

    0

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    2016-04-05 wei834766788

    ~~~~

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880983, encodeId=1fb818809831e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Jan 13 14:34:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76634, encodeId=47a7e6634f6, content=影响胚胎的性别因素,不是非常明确。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Sun Apr 10 01:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75730, encodeId=6d9ee5730f9, content=~~~~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75727, encodeId=fa1ae572788, content=看看89, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75728, encodeId=fe00e5728a9, content=啥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=75729, encodeId=40e2e57295f, content=……, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=170, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Tue Apr 05 23:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-05 wei834766788

    看看89

    0

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    2016-04-05 wei834766788

    0

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    2016-04-05 wei834766788

    ……

    0

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