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慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症期孕妇在持续硬膜外麻醉下剖宫产1例

2019-02-01 王跃斌 孙广运 何常佑 西南医科大学学报

产妇,女,27岁,因“肾功能不全9+年,停经32+2周,全身皮肤瘙痒2+月,加重1周”入院,入院诊断为“1、慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期);2、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(重度);3、FGR;4、G3P132周宫内孕头位单活胎。”产妇6年前明确诊断为“慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期)”,开始行维持性血液透析至今,并有输血史。自诉有乙肝病史6年,否认其他疾病。

1.病例资料
 
产妇,女,27岁,因“肾功能不全9+年,停经32+2周,全身皮肤瘙痒2+月,加重1周”入院,入院诊断为“1、慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期);2、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(重度);3、FGR;4、G3P132周宫内孕头位单活胎。”产妇6年前明确诊断为“慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期)”,开始行维持性血液透析至今,并有输血史。自诉有乙肝病史6年,否认其他疾病。
 
入院后积极完善各项辅助检查,生化ALT103U/L,AST50U/L;CERA404umol/L,K3.32mmol/L,提示肝肾功及电解质均异常,血常规提示中度贫血HGB86g/L,HCT27%,PLT217109/L。PT12.2sec,TT16.0sec,提示凝血功能正常。彩超提示宫内胎儿肠腔内肠管稍增宽。入产科1周后产妇自觉胎动减少,彩超提示胎儿较前无明显增大,产妇阴道检查宫颈已受容,宫口开大1指尖,辅助检查提示肝肾功能损害进行性加重,继续妊娠母体、胎儿风险均极大,患者目前33周孕,已出现手术指征,拟择期行剖宫产术。产妇入室,监护各项生命体征,HR108次/min,BP170/91mmHg(患者右上肢造瘘,左上肢静脉通道,所测为右下肢大腿血压),RR20次/min,吸空气SPO2100%.开放外周静脉输注晶体液。于L1-2行硬膜外穿刺,穿刺置管顺利,置管前经硬膜外穿刺针注入0.447%罗哌卡因3mL。
 
平卧后于20min内分三次注入0.596%罗哌卡因共12mL,测麻醉平面在T8水平,满足手术要求后,手术开始。5min后娩出一女婴,Apgar评分7-9-9分,经脐血查新生儿血气:PH7.299,PCO2 37.5mmHg,BE-8mmol/L,HCO3 18.4mmol/L,SO2 60%,K6.2mmol/L,Hb13.6g/dL,抢救后早产儿转PICU治疗。胎儿取出后产妇诉胸口不适,BP为120/79mmHg,RR125次/min,给予静脉泵入多巴胺5~20μg/kgmin维持血压,血压维持在120~130/70~80mmHg之间,考虑与子宫牵拉有关。给予丙泊酚50mg、舒芬太尼10μg静注,七氟烷0.5%~1.5%面罩吸入麻醉维持。
 
术中输入晶体胶体液各500mL,失血400mL,尿量0mL(产妇膀胱萎缩,已血液透析多年,无尿)。产妇入室到手术结束共计2h,术后产妇神志清楚,生命体征平稳。离室前采集产妇静脉血测血气:PH7.287、PCO235.2mmHg、BE-10mmol/L、HCO318mmol/L、SPO288%、K5.0mmol/L、Hb8.8g/dL。术后转入ICU治疗,术后2d转入肾内科治疗,术后20d产妇及新生儿恢复出院。
 
2.讨论
 
据不完全统计,该病例目前国内成功例数不超过3例。该产妇尿毒症、早产,既往有过腹裂畸形胎死胎引产史,合并有水电解质紊乱、肾性高血压、低蛋白血症,影响全麻药物吸收与代谢。肾功能衰竭患者的麻醉时效比正常肾功能患者缩短40%,故用药浓度高、用量大。
 
为避免全麻药物加重肝肾负担,减轻对胎儿影响应避免使用全身麻醉。在大多数西方发达的国家,全身麻醉在产科麻醉中比重逐年下降,如果产妇合并出凝血障碍、腰椎感染、精神障碍或其他一些严重并发症时,最后采用全身麻醉。对于全麻后呼吸循环的管理该产妇较普通孕产妇风险更高,产妇本身易发生困难气道,加之该产妇低蛋白血症,易发生气道黏膜水肿、出血,术后发生呼吸困难甚至窒息。
 
该产妇术前48h内使用无肝素透析,凝血未见明显异常,无异常出血,但产妇为尿毒症患者,血小板聚集功能、凝血功能较正常人差。为警惕术中出血难止,积极准备血小板、凝血因子等血液制品。为避免对胎儿产生呼吸循环抑制,首选椎管内麻醉行剖宫产手术。由于肾衰所致各系统病变对手术产生影响暂未可知,手术时间难定,故采用持续硬膜外麻醉可根据手术需要延长麻醉时间及方便术后镇痛。
 
随着妊娠的进展,增大的子宫压迫下腔静脉,静脉回流受阻,外周静脉丛扩张明显,硬膜外间隙较普通人小。因此孕妇行硬膜外穿刺置管入血管概率较正常人高。有研究表明,妊娠状态下实施硬膜外麻醉时导管置入血管概率是非妊娠状态的2倍。同时有研究发现硬膜外预注生理盐水可减少剖宫产硬膜外麻醉置管出血的发生率。本例产妇予以0.447%罗哌卡因3mL替代生理盐水,既可达到扩张硬膜外间隙减少置管入血管的目的,亦可达到扩宽平面的目的(类似于双管阻滞)。
 
术中观察,该产妇在持续硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产手术时,胎儿取出前监测各项生命体征除血压外并无剧烈波动,胎儿取出后血压100~120/70~90mmHg之间,血压下降超过术前30%,故予以多巴胺5~20μg/kg/min维持血压,多巴胺是目前剖宫产术中低血压常用血管活性药物。有研究表明,椎管内麻醉行剖宫产术发生术中低血压使用多巴胺比使用麻黄素更易调控血压,且循环更稳定。
 
胎儿取出后,予产妇静注舒芬太尼10μg、丙泊酚50mg,七氟烷0.5%~1.5%吸入麻醉,完善麻醉效果。丙泊酚是一种烷基酚类新型短效静脉全身麻醉药,分布与消除均迅速。有文章也提出吸入麻醉用于剖宫产麻醉过程平稳,对循环影响小,反流误吸发生概率低。所以,持续硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术,取出胎儿后复合静脉使用舒芬太尼、丙泊酚,七氟醚吸入对该产妇来说是安全可行的。
 
3.小结
 
对尿毒症期产妇应进行充分术前评估,积极术前准备,力求选用对胎儿和母体影响最小、病人能够耐受的最安全的麻醉方案,手术过程中加强麻醉管理,严密监测患者各项生命体征,积极做好各项应对措施,可有效保障产妇和新生儿的安全。
 
原始出处:

王跃斌,孙广运,何常佑,任静华,姚洪林,余得水.慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症期孕妇在持续硬膜外麻醉下剖宫产1例[J].西南医科大学学报,2018,41(01):97-98.

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    2019-11-26 yese
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