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糖尿病视神经病变如何识别

2022-08-22 网络 网络

糖尿病视神经病变的发病率随糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度而有增加趋势,糖尿病视网膜病变越严重,发生糖尿病视神经病变的可能性越大,故在糖尿病视网膜病变的各期都要注意有无糖尿病视神经病变,以便早期及时治疗。

中国是世界糖尿病第一大国,而糖尿病视神经病变是糖尿病较为常见的慢性并发症之一,其对视力的损害在早期及时治疗后可以得到改善或控制,如果不能及时治疗,患眼的视神经一旦发生不可逆性的萎缩,则视功能将会明显损害。

 

糖尿病视神经病变的发病率随糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度而有增加趋势,糖尿病视网膜病变越严重,发生糖尿病视神经病变的可能性越大,故在糖尿病视网膜病变的各期都要注意有无糖尿病视神经病变,以便早期及时治疗。“糖尿病视神经病变”有哪些临床表现?

 

隐匿型糖尿病视神经病变

 

患者发病隐匿,视力正常,主要表现为色觉异常以及亮度和对比敏感度下降,瞳孔大小和对光反应均正常,眼底检查正常,荧光素眼底血管造影术(FFA)检查通常无明显异常。

 

部分患者相干光层析成像术(OCT)检查表现为黄斑区视网膜神经节细胞-内丛状层变薄,视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层变薄。部分患者相干光层析血管成像术(OCTA)显示视盘旁放射状毛细血管网血流密度下降。

 

糖尿病视盘病变(DP

 

DP是糖尿病特有的且最具特征性的视神经病变,在糖尿病患者中的发生率约为0.5%。其发生机制是视盘内和视盘表面毛细血管弥漫性缺血性扩张,导致血管通透性增加,从而引起视盘水肿样改变。主要临床表现:

 

• 视力正常或轻度下降,视力下降多见于DP继发黄斑区浆液性视网膜浅脱离患者。

• 瞳孔大小和对光反应均正常。

• 眼底:早期表现为单眼或双眼视盘充血水肿,伴或不伴黄斑区浆液性视网膜浅脱离;晚期视盘色界正常,或颜色变淡,但无明显视盘苍白。

• FFA:造影早期视盘表面毛细血管弥漫性扩张,造影晚期视盘呈弥漫性强荧光。

• 视野:表现为生理盲点扩大或相对性弓形暗点。

 

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION

 

糖尿病是导致NAION的高危因素之一,NAION患者中约25%患糖尿病,NAION在糖尿病患者群中的发生率约为0.7%主要临床表现:

 

• 主要症状为晨起或午睡后突然出现无痛性单眼视力下降或视物遮挡,双眼同时发病少见。

• 轻度或中度视力下降。

• 相对性传入性瞳孔障碍阳性或弱阳性。

• 眼底早期表现为视盘上部或下部节段性灰白色水肿或弥漫性水肿,视盘水肿区边界模糊,伴或不伴视盘表面或盘周出血和黄斑区浆液性视网膜浅脱离。

• 大多数NAION患者FFA检查表现为脉络膜充盈迟缓和视盘荧光不对称。

• 视野表现为与生理盲点相连的且绕过中心注视点的扇形缺损、象限盲或水平半盲。

• 视觉诱发电位检查常表现为振幅下降、潜伏期延长,多以振幅下降为主。

 

总之,由于糖尿病视神经病变对患者生活质量的严重影响,故在糖尿病视网膜病变的各期都要注意有无糖尿病视神经病变,以便早期及时治疗。

 

参考文献:

1】中华医学会眼科学分会神经眼科学组.中国糖尿病视神经病变诊断和治疗专家共识2022年)[J].中华眼科杂志,2022,58(6):405-411.

 

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