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病例:抗结核治疗有效,3年后才发现竟然是误诊!

2018-05-08 王俊,叶龙玲 MedSci原创

肺结核查抗酸杆菌不一定会是阳性,但是当患者症状符合结核特征时,常会尝试进行经验性治疗,若治疗有效则会考虑诊断为肺结核,但是今天的这一例病例却出现了差错,到底是怎么回事呢?



肺结核查抗酸杆菌不一定会是阳性,但是当患者症状符合结核特征时,常会尝试进行经验性治疗,若治疗有效则会考虑诊断为肺结核,但是今天的这一例病例却出现了差错,到底是怎么回事呢?

盗汗、咯血,是结核吗?

本例患者为一35岁男性,患者3年前无明显诱因下出现咯血,间断性发作,有咳嗽、乏力,且有轻度盗汗及体重减轻情况,至当地社区医院就诊,胸片示右上肺斑片状影,伴纵膈淋巴结增大,PPD12mm×10mm,痰抗酸杆菌阴性。


胸部正位片示右上肺斑片状影,伴右肺门影增大

询问患者病史,得知患者患有2型糖尿病3年,未定期监测血糖,结合患者症状考虑:原发性肺结核可能、2型糖尿病

治愈?

接诊医生给予尝试性性抗结核治疗(INH 0.4qd,RFP 0.45qd,PZA 0.5tid)。用药10天后,咯血症状缓解,用药6个月后复查胸片示右上肺病灶完全吸收,纵膈淋巴结缩小。停药观察病情无明显反复。通过上述来看,患者似乎真的是肺结核,但是真的就这么简单地治好了吗?

复发?

本来以为已经治愈了,结果3年后,患者再发间断咯血,查胸片示右上肺斑片状影,呈明显叶段分布,伴上纵隔影增宽。查痰抗酸杆菌依然是阴性。因既往有肺结核病史及糖尿病史,且抗结核治疗有效,于当地疾控中心拟诊为“继发性肺结核(复治)”,给予抗结核治疗8月(方案 2HRZES/6HRE),疗末复查胸片示右上肺病灶完全吸收。

再复发?

停药一月,患者再发咯血,行胸部CT检查示右肺上叶见斑片状及淡薄云雾状影,纵膈旁块状影。




这时候当地疾控中心觉得不对劲了,便以右上肺结核并肺不张,肺部肿瘤待排转入我院。入院后完善相关检查,PPD10mm×12mm,TB-AB(-),肿瘤标志物肺癌四项CEA、NSE、CYFRA211、CA125都未见异常,CRP(-),行纤维支气管镜检查示支气管粘膜炎症,管腔未见新生物及支气管阻塞征象,经纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌阴性。

原来如此

检查并未有新的发现,只能继续给予抗感染、止血对症处理。一周后患者咯血症状缓解,复查胸CT示右上肺斑片状影吸收,考虑肺泡内积血可能。便予以纤支镜介入灌洗治疗,继续抗感染、止血等。

两周后复查胸部CT示右上肺空腔样囊性病变。考虑患者的情况可能与结核完全无关。便找胸外科会诊,胸外科医生建议行手术确诊,转胸外科手术病理证实:支气管囊肿(纵膈型)。

讨论

支气管囊肿长期误诊肺结核的原因:

1、临床表现与肺结核相似。支气管囊肿主要引起两大类症状,即:压迫症状和感染症状。压迫症状:压迫支气管可出现干咳、气急、呼吸困难等。如为张力性囊肿,可因囊肿快速、极度的膨胀,出现类似张力性气胸的症状。压迫食管可致梗噎。感染症状:囊肿感染多因其与支气管相通所致。可出现咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、发热等,严重者,可出现高热、寒战、排大量脓痰。压迫症状易与支气管结核和纵膈淋巴结结核、结核性液气胸混淆,继发感染症状易与肺结核症状混淆。

2、X线表现缺乏特异性。纵隔支气管囊肿多位于气管旁,隆突下和左主支气管旁,肺内支气管囊肿则多位于两肺下叶部位。纵隔支气管囊肿通常为孤立性,多位于后纵隔,中纵膈次之,上纵隔最少;X线表现为隆突或气管旁边缘清楚、密度均匀的圆形、卵圆形或块影,密度均匀,边缘锐利,覆盖肺门,囊壁少见钙化肺内支气管囊肿通常为单房或多房,薄壁,囊壁可含粘液腺、软骨、弹性组织和平滑肌;X线表现为孤立薄壁球形或弥漫性薄壁环形透亮区,呼吸可引起其形状改变。如囊肿并发感染可见囊壁周围浸润性炎症阴影,囊壁增厚,囊腔内可有出血,充满粘液脓性分泌物;如囊肿和支气管相通,囊腔内容物通过支气管排除,有空气进入,则成含气囊肿或液气囊肿。本例患者因囊肿继发感染反复出现咯血,血液经相邻支气管在肺部播散形成肺泡内积血,呈现右上叶斑片状影或磨玻璃状影,呈叶段分布,易与渗出性病变混淆,且为结核好发部位,伴肺门影增大,这些X线表现难与肺结核及肺门淋巴结增生区别。

3、抗结核治疗后患者症状及X线表现有明显的缓解,导致病因的误判。因忽视了抗结核药物中部分药物属于广谱抗生素(如:利福平),间接发挥了抗感染的作用;且肺泡内积血在10~14天可完全吸收。易误认为症状和X线表现缓解是诊断性治疗有效。

4、受既往糖尿病史影响。糖尿病患者很容易感染结核病,其主要原因有以下几点:糖及脂肪的代谢出现紊乱,组织细胞中长期存在葡萄糖和甘油含量升高状态,导致结核菌很容易生长繁殖;组织细胞中积聚大量酮体呈现酸性环境有利于结核菌急速生长繁殖;糖尿病患者因为肝脏降低了转化维生素A的功能,致使身体缺乏维生素A,导致呼吸道黏膜上皮无法正常抵抗细菌感染,使得极容易感染结核菌。而且糖尿病患者的免疫力降低,糖尿病人患活动性肺结核的风险是非糖尿病人群的3倍。可以看到椎管内肿块在左侧C8及T1前上方压迫神经根向后下方移位,神经根和神经节结构尚完好,不支持神经根起源的神经鞘瘤。另外神经鞘瘤易囊变、T2WI序列呈明显高信号、增强后呈“靶环样”强化等典型特征亦可帮助鉴别。

此例尚需与椎管硬膜外转移瘤、淋巴瘤、畸胎瘤等鉴别。转移瘤好发于老年人,多有原发肿瘤病史,并且多伴有骨质破坏。淋巴瘤常表现为椎体破坏、椎管内硬膜外肿块及椎旁肿块,当三者同时出现基本上可以诊断;畸胎瘤常含脂肪,抑脂序列见信号可见脂肪信号减低,典型者不难鉴别。

【本期话题】您还知道哪些出现在少年儿童身上的类似疾病呢?评论符合要求且点赞最多的用户可获得由梅斯医学准备的精美礼品一份。

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    2018-08-03 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2018-05-10 wgx309
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    2018-05-09 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-05-09 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-05-08 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-08 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

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